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A PRODUCTION
FROM FLORENTINE FILMS.

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Before dawn
of May 10, 1775,

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less than a month
after Lexington and Concord,

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about 85 natives
from new england

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They rowed across the south end
from Lake Champlain

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in silence
and with their muskets ready.

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Your goal
It was a dilapidated fortress

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star shaped
called Ticonderoga,

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that the French
they had built

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20 years before

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and that they now occupied
50 British soldiers

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and 24 women and children.

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If they captured her,

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could avoid
that the British troops

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They will attack from the north,

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give to the Americans
a waiting area

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in case they decided
invade canada

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and take possession of dozens
of artillery pieces

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that the forces
that surrounded Boston

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they desperately needed.

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The men disembarked
in silence.

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The British surrendered
without firing a single bullet,

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just like
that the nine redcoats

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stationed at Crown Point,
a small detachment nearby.

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The Americans
They had two commanders.

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One was Colonel Ethan Allen,

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the leading drinker
of the Green Mountain Boys,

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a group of vigilantes

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that had been for years
defending their settlements

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in the Vermont region
of northwestern New England

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against new yorkers

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that also
They claimed the land.

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The other was the colonel
Connecticut militia

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34 years old
who had just been promoted.

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He came from a distinguished
new england family

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who was going through a bad streak.

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Capable but arrogant,

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sensitive to slights,

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would become
in one of the commanders

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most important
of the American Revolution.

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His name was Benedict Arnold.

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THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

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William Hogeland: When
It's a shooting war

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like Lexington and Concord,
It's a war.

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There is no doubt about that.

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{\an8}But independence
It wasn't on the table.

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{\an8}no way at that time

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{\an8}as the target
of the Americans.

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The idea of ​​independence
remained controversial.

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The official position

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was that the fight was,
in essence,

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to rectify and that "things
they would go back to being like before.

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Like when they were good,
when they left us alone."

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The slaughter
in Lexington and Concord

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had deepened
the divisions

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among Americans

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from Georgia to New Hampshire.

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The "loyal"

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that followed
being loyal to the Crown

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and they waited
that His Majesty's troops

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restore order soon,

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They rejected those who were
in favor of the militiamen

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who had besieged Boston
and they called them "rebels."

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The "rebels"
They called themselves "patriots."

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or whigs

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in honor
to the British defenders

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of the rights
that guaranteed the constitution,

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and denigrated their neighbors
loyalists calling them "tories".

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Alan Taylor: The term
"patriot" is very old

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and existed
before the revolution.

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refers to people
what do they believe

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What are the defenders?
of freedom against power.

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{\an8}Now, "rebel" is a term
that the British used,

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{\an8}and that the loyalists used,

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{\an8}to refer
those who call themselves

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"patriots."

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So be a rebel,

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It means that you reject
the legitimate authority

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of its sovereign, King George III
of the British Empire.

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"It is clear to me
that we are divorced.

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"The only question
it's the right time

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"to make a statement
explicit in words.

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"Some people
they need time

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"to look around,
backwards, to the right

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"and to the left,

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"and then think
and, after all that, decide.

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"Others, with only
an intuitive glance

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"they see the past and the future

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"and they judge accurately
immediately.

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"But remember
that is not possible

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"make thirteen watches

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ring the bell
at the same second."

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John Adams.

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A REFUGE
FOR HUMANITY

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Alan Taylor: I think.
that the main misconception

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about the American Revolution
It was something that united

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to the Americans

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and that it was just a war
of Americans

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against British.

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Skip the reality
that it was a civil war

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among Americans.

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"I tremble when I think
in the war.

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"But of all the wars,
a civil war!

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"Everything is at stake."

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Sarah Mifflin.

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in the spring
from 1775,

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a woman from philadelphia
named Sarah Mifflin

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he wrote to him
to a British officer

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who had been his friend

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before the conflict
would start.

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He had suggested
that everything was no more

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than a small disagreement.

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"It is none
political objection.

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"It's the pure truth,

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"that even the peasant
most ignorant knows,

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"that no man
has the right

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"to take your money
without your consent.

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"I am clear
that as a free person

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"I can only die once,

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but as a slave
I will not be worthy of living."

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Sarah Mifflin.

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About 20,000 militiamen

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of towns
from all over Massachusetts,

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as well as from Connecticut,
New Hampshire and Rhode Island,

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they came in droves
to improvised camps

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that kept the British
locked up in Boston.

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They were united by anger
against the redcoats,

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but not much more than that.

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They were militiamen,
not professional soldiers,

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and they were expected to deal
with immediate crises,

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not that they participated
in prolonged campaigns.

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Few had uniforms.

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Many had never been
more than 50 miles from home.

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Your main loyalty
it was towards the towns

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where they came from

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and the neighbors whom they had
elected as officials.

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When the bullets stopped
and it became clear that the British

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They would not attack them,

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they started to go home
to plant their crops.

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In charge of all this force
dwindling and disorganized

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there was the general
Artemas Ward,

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militia commander
of Massachusetts.

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From its headquarters
in Cambridge,

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understood that to have
the hope of defending

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of the British,

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I needed to recruit
a paid army,

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and I needed it quickly.

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"Wherever they go,
we will be at your side.

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"Our bones will lie
along with yours.

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"We are determined not to be
at peace with the redcoats

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"as long as they disagree
with you.

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"If they conquer us,
our lands will be lost

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"along with yours.

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"But if we are victorious,

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"we hope you will help us
to recover

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our just rights."

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Captain Solomon
Uhhaunauwaunmut.

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among the troops
who came to Cambridge

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there was a company
of indigenous Americans

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of Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

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Philip Deloria: Stockbridge
it was a community

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of various tribes with a long
survival story

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{\an8}to colonization,

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{\an8}partly thanks
because they adopted Christianity,

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{\an8}and also strategies
to relate

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with the settlers.

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They came from Massachusetts
and they were part

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of the siege of Boston.

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Ned Blackhawk: Most
of indigenous nations

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they remained
relatively out of the way

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of the conflict
during the first years.

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But many native communities,

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especially
those who had lived

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with the settlers
for generations

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they came to share loyalties
and sensitivities.

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Therefore,

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{\an8}many decided
that what was best for them

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{\an8}was to join the forces
revolutionary

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{\an8}and take up arms
against the British Empire.

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According to the general
Thomas Gage,

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the commander in chief
of the british army

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in North America,

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the presence
of Stockbridge men

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among the rebels
gave him the freedom to call

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to other Native Americans
to join their forces

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and fought for
of the Crown.

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Neither side recruited
to enslaved people

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of New England.

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The Provincial Congress
from Massachusetts

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He insisted that he was immersed
in a fight to break free

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of British "slavery."

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As he said, list them
would be "inconsistent."

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But free African Americans
They were well received,

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and at least 35,

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maybe even more than 50 men
colored

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They had fought at Lexington
and Concord,

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and soon there would be more
those who would participate

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in a bigger battle
against the British.

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Black, white soldiers
and indigenous Americans

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they served in regiments
more integrated

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of what they would be
American forces

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for almost two centuries.

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"What?!

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"Ten thousand peasants
keep silenced

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"five thousand of the king's soldiers?

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00:10:02,069 --> 00:10:05,705
Well let us in and soon
There will be room to move."

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General John Burgoyne.

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00:10:10,143 --> 00:10:13,946
On May 25, 1775

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a Royal Navy frigate
arrived in Boston Harbor.

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They came on board
british reinforcements

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and three major generals.

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John Burgoyne
was the most pretentious

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00:10:26,693 --> 00:10:29,295
and self-confident
of the three.

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Playwright and soldier,
always eager to move forward,

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He despised the rebels
who had Boston under siege,

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whom he referred to as
"a rabble in arms...

217
00:10:40,107 --> 00:10:41,842
inflamed by...insolence".

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Henry Clinton

219
00:10:43,844 --> 00:10:46,413
it had been six years
from his childhood in New York

220
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when his father
He had been the royal governor.

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00:10:49,683 --> 00:10:53,920
He was soft-spoken,
withdrawn, insecure.

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Once upon a time William Howe
had expressed his sympathy

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for the American cause,

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but now I saw the opportunity

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00:11:00,894 --> 00:11:04,264
to enhance your reputation
as a soldier.

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They were sent to provide support
to General Gage,

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to whom the king's ministers
They considered him too shy.

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All commanders
they agreed

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00:11:15,108 --> 00:11:16,976
in that if they managed to do
with the tall ones in Dorchester

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and Charlestown,

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could end
with the rebel siege.

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Rick Atkinson:
There were two highlands

233
00:11:25,385 --> 00:11:28,021
that were of concern
for the British.

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00:11:28,221 --> 00:11:30,256
One is Dorchester Heights.

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{\an8}The other is the highlands
of the Charlestown peninsula,

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{\an8}covering Bunker Hill
and Breed's Hill.

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If someone put a cannon
on the Charlestown Peninsula

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or in Dorchester Heights,

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could bomb the forces
British in Boston.

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The British decided
take Charlestown first.

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The plan arrived
in the ears of the patriots,

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and Colonel William Prescott
he was ordered to take

243
00:11:58,185 --> 00:12:00,454
and fortify Bunker Hill,

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00:12:00,854 --> 00:12:04,790
the highest elevation
of the Charlestown Peninsula.

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00:12:04,791 --> 00:12:07,760
However, when Prescott
and his men arrived at the place,

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00:12:07,761 --> 00:12:09,729
somehow it was decided
that instead of that

247
00:12:09,930 --> 00:12:11,430
they had to build
your own fort

248
00:12:11,431 --> 00:12:13,732
on the top of a mountain
not so high

249
00:12:13,733 --> 00:12:16,736
which came to be called
Breed's Hill.

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But it was close

251
00:12:18,738 --> 00:12:20,840
both of the two ships
war in the port

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00:12:20,841 --> 00:12:24,444
and a British troop
in North End, Boston.

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00:12:24,845 --> 00:12:26,480
Prescott's Men

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they came to work
with picks and shovels

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00:12:28,448 --> 00:12:30,450
trying to do
the least possible noise

256
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so as not to alert
to the British.

257
00:12:34,955 --> 00:12:39,326
But when it dawned
on June 17, 1775,

258
00:12:39,526 --> 00:12:42,229
The shelter was only half full.

259
00:12:44,831 --> 00:12:47,500
A British Navy ship
of twenty cannons

260
00:12:47,501 --> 00:12:49,803
shot towards the hill.

261
00:12:50,003 --> 00:12:55,040
A cannonball decapitated
to Private Asa Pollard.

262
00:12:55,041 --> 00:12:56,775
To reassure his men,

263
00:12:56,776 --> 00:12:59,311
Prescott climbed the parapet
unfinished

264
00:12:59,312 --> 00:13:03,550
and shouted to the ships:
"Give me if you can!"

265
00:13:03,950 --> 00:13:05,552
British General Howe
I was sure

266
00:13:05,952 --> 00:13:09,054
that they would take the hill
"with ease."

267
00:13:09,055 --> 00:13:11,390
As soon as the tide comes
mid-afternoon,

268
00:13:11,391 --> 00:13:14,293
Howe would personally accompany
to a great force to the top

269
00:13:14,294 --> 00:13:18,031
further east of the peninsula
of Charlestown.

270
00:13:18,231 --> 00:13:21,233
The British
They intensified their cannonade,

271
00:13:21,234 --> 00:13:23,170
and the noise was such
that made the windows vibrate

272
00:13:23,370 --> 00:13:26,006
in Braintree
ten miles away,

273
00:13:26,206 --> 00:13:28,108
where Abigail Adams
he was wondering

274
00:13:28,308 --> 00:13:31,945
if "perhaps it has arrived
the decisive day,

275
00:13:32,145 --> 00:13:36,917
on which destiny depends
of America," he wrote.

276
00:13:37,117 --> 00:13:41,053
Prescott was quick to reinforce
his left flank

277
00:13:41,054 --> 00:13:43,557
and ordered several of his men
to dig a ditch

278
00:13:43,957 --> 00:13:47,293
and they will build a parapet
of 165 feet.

279
00:13:47,294 --> 00:13:50,430
He ordered others to reinforce
a wood and stone fence

280
00:13:50,830 --> 00:13:52,398
that spread
up to the cliff

281
00:13:52,399 --> 00:13:55,869
with beach view
of the Mystic River.

282
00:13:56,069 --> 00:13:59,272
By observing
American positions

283
00:13:59,472 --> 00:14:01,607
General Howe believed
that they could take the hill

284
00:14:01,608 --> 00:14:05,412
with the call
"turning" movement.

285
00:14:05,612 --> 00:14:08,414
While a column assaulted
the shelter from the left

286
00:14:08,415 --> 00:14:10,417
and another,
led by Howe himself,

287
00:14:10,617 --> 00:14:12,886
attacked the fence head on,

288
00:14:13,086 --> 00:14:14,920
a third column

289
00:14:14,921 --> 00:14:17,122
I would enter through the unprotected
Mystic River Beach,

290
00:14:17,123 --> 00:14:19,258
would stand behind the rebels,

291
00:14:19,259 --> 00:14:22,161
would spin its lines
and would destroy them.

292
00:14:22,162 --> 00:14:23,630
Those types of attacks
they had worked well

293
00:14:24,030 --> 00:14:26,999
against disciplined armies
in Europe.

294
00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:28,568
Stacy Schiff: Nobody expected

295
00:14:28,969 --> 00:14:30,470
that a lot of peasants
with muskets

296
00:14:30,870 --> 00:14:33,139
contained
to a trained army

297
00:14:33,340 --> 00:14:37,110
who had orders from a general
Really in Boston.

298
00:14:37,310 --> 00:14:40,480
{\an8}It was not authentically believed

299
00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:44,216
{\an8}what a lot
of improvised settlers

300
00:14:44,217 --> 00:14:49,188
{\an8}they will be able to defend themselves
of trained soldiers.

301
00:14:49,189 --> 00:14:50,356
When the column
from the left

302
00:14:50,357 --> 00:14:52,091
was approaching Charlestown

303
00:14:52,092 --> 00:14:53,993
and was attacked
by hidden Americans

304
00:14:53,994 --> 00:14:56,029
in abandoned buildings,

305
00:14:56,229 --> 00:14:58,064
british ships
they burned down the town

306
00:14:58,265 --> 00:15:01,533
with incendiary grenades.

307
00:15:01,534 --> 00:15:03,969
So,
around three thirty,

308
00:15:03,970 --> 00:15:06,272
Howe's Redcoats

309
00:15:06,273 --> 00:15:09,075
They began to climb up the side
right of the hill.

310
00:15:09,276 --> 00:15:10,542
The first row
was formed

311
00:15:10,543 --> 00:15:12,679
by tall and fearsome grenadiers;

312
00:15:13,079 --> 00:15:16,081
after them
The infantry came on foot.

313
00:15:16,082 --> 00:15:18,183
but the men
they had to dismantle

314
00:15:18,184 --> 00:15:19,953
wooden fences
and stone walls

315
00:15:20,153 --> 00:15:22,188
that blocked their path.

316
00:15:22,389 --> 00:15:24,124
They had wool uniforms.

317
00:15:24,324 --> 00:15:26,992
The sun was burning.

318
00:15:26,993 --> 00:15:28,694
And, like the inhabitants
from new england

319
00:15:28,695 --> 00:15:30,530
that were waiting for them at the top,

320
00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:34,301
some never
They had gone to a battle.

321
00:15:34,501 --> 00:15:37,203
Rick Atkinson: The Notion
that the British army

322
00:15:37,404 --> 00:15:41,140
It's a battle-tested force.
and with experience it is true,

323
00:15:41,141 --> 00:15:44,009
they are good,
there is no doubt about it,

324
00:15:44,010 --> 00:15:46,045
Their officers are good.

325
00:15:46,046 --> 00:15:48,213
Mostly
They are very disciplined.

326
00:15:48,214 --> 00:15:50,016
But they are just as scared

327
00:15:50,216 --> 00:15:52,585
and they are just as newbies
to the Americans.

328
00:15:55,155 --> 00:15:57,424
Tailor-made
that Howe's strength ascended,

329
00:15:57,624 --> 00:15:59,392
light infantry
on the right

330
00:15:59,592 --> 00:16:03,028
began his flanking maneuver
along the narrow beach

331
00:16:03,029 --> 00:16:06,699
determined to locate
behind the American defenses,

332
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:10,303
convinced of being able to reach
up there without opposition.

333
00:16:10,503 --> 00:16:13,172
But Colonel John Stark
from New Hampshire

334
00:16:13,173 --> 00:16:16,642
and 60 of his militiamen
They were waiting for them.

335
00:16:16,643 --> 00:16:19,311
Seeing the open beach
to a flanking attack,

336
00:16:19,312 --> 00:16:23,550
he ordered his men
to build a barricade.

337
00:16:23,750 --> 00:16:25,751
When the British
they came closer,

338
00:16:25,752 --> 00:16:28,655
The patriots opened fire.

339
00:16:30,990 --> 00:16:33,660
light infantry
disintegrated.

340
00:16:34,060 --> 00:16:36,395
The New Hampshire Men
they kept shooting

341
00:16:36,396 --> 00:16:38,098
until the stunned
survivors

342
00:16:38,298 --> 00:16:41,134
they started to retreat
towards their boats.

343
00:16:41,334 --> 00:16:44,104
Behind them there was a fence
of one hundred dead and wounded.

344
00:16:44,304 --> 00:16:46,638
Stark remembered
that lay so tight

345
00:16:46,639 --> 00:16:49,676
like sheep in a fold."

346
00:16:50,076 --> 00:16:51,077
Meanwhile,

347
00:16:51,277 --> 00:16:53,445
in the upper part
of Breed's Hill,

348
00:16:53,446 --> 00:16:56,148
Prescott and his officers
They reassured their men:

349
00:16:56,149 --> 00:16:58,450
the redcoats
they would never reach them

350
00:16:58,451 --> 00:17:01,421
if they waited to shoot
until they got closer.

351
00:17:01,621 --> 00:17:03,255
Ninety yards away,

352
00:17:03,256 --> 00:17:06,692
a stone wall
He stopped the grenadiers.

353
00:17:06,693 --> 00:17:09,528
When they dropped their weapons
to destroy the wall,

354
00:17:09,529 --> 00:17:12,665
the patriots
They fired their muskets.

355
00:17:14,734 --> 00:17:17,236
British officers
They insisted to their men

356
00:17:17,237 --> 00:17:19,438
to keep moving forward.

357
00:17:19,439 --> 00:17:21,607
Instead, the soldiers
they stayed where they were

358
00:17:21,608 --> 00:17:24,109
and they tried
respond to the shots.

359
00:17:24,110 --> 00:17:26,111
The Americans
They had protection.

360
00:17:26,112 --> 00:17:29,114
Not the British.

361
00:17:29,115 --> 00:17:32,318
The redcoats separated
and they retreated down the slope.

362
00:17:32,519 --> 00:17:35,354
General Howe left
let their lines regroup

363
00:17:35,355 --> 00:17:37,222
and ordered them to return
to climb to the top

364
00:17:37,223 --> 00:17:39,259
with the hope
to pass through space

365
00:17:39,459 --> 00:17:41,527
between the parapet
and the wooden fence.

366
00:17:41,528 --> 00:17:43,429
He accompanied them.

367
00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:46,532
This time,
the patriots behind the fence

368
00:17:46,533 --> 00:17:49,702
They waited for the grenadiers
were less than 50 yards away

369
00:17:50,103 --> 00:17:53,672
to open fire.

370
00:17:53,673 --> 00:17:56,075
It was difficult to fail.

371
00:17:56,276 --> 00:17:59,745
Scores of British soldiers
they fell dead,

372
00:17:59,746 --> 00:18:02,682
dying, screaming in pain.

373
00:18:04,684 --> 00:18:06,453
Rick Atkinson: They attacked
to British officers

374
00:18:06,653 --> 00:18:07,854
deliberately,

375
00:18:08,254 --> 00:18:09,455
and they managed to recognize them

376
00:18:09,456 --> 00:18:12,358
in part
because everyone wears jackets,

377
00:18:12,559 --> 00:18:14,226
but the officers
they wear jackets

378
00:18:14,227 --> 00:18:16,429
that are almost vermilion tones

379
00:18:16,629 --> 00:18:18,797
because they can afford
the most expensive dyes

380
00:18:18,798 --> 00:18:20,766
what do they do
let the jackets stand out.

381
00:18:22,702 --> 00:18:25,104
Frankly, the British
they think it's unfair

382
00:18:25,305 --> 00:18:29,708
try to attack the officers,
It seems inappropriate to them.

383
00:18:29,709 --> 00:18:31,511
But the Americans
they kept doing it

384
00:18:31,711 --> 00:18:33,613
throughout the war.

385
00:18:33,813 --> 00:18:35,648
The Americans
they celebrated

386
00:18:35,849 --> 00:18:39,285
and they hoped that General Howe
I would have had enough.

387
00:18:40,787 --> 00:18:42,589
Rick Atkinson: Everyone
his staff officers

388
00:18:42,789 --> 00:18:45,592
They were dead or injured.

389
00:18:45,792 --> 00:18:48,895
Howe came back down
from the mountain unharmed,

390
00:18:49,295 --> 00:18:51,898
surprisingly.

391
00:18:52,298 --> 00:18:54,833
But I had the socks
full of blood

392
00:18:54,834 --> 00:18:56,503
of men
who had been shot

393
00:18:56,703 --> 00:18:57,904
close to him.

394
00:19:00,306 --> 00:19:01,908
The teenager
that played the fife,

395
00:19:02,308 --> 00:19:04,811
John Greenwood,
I hadn't been there that day.

396
00:19:05,211 --> 00:19:06,513
When he heard the shots,

397
00:19:06,713 --> 00:19:09,782
ran
to join his regiment.

398
00:19:12,185 --> 00:19:16,222
"Everything seemed to be submerged
in the greatest terror and confusion.

399
00:19:16,422 --> 00:19:18,224
"I was terrified
and would have given the world

400
00:19:18,424 --> 00:19:21,660
"for not having enlisted
as a soldier.

401
00:19:21,661 --> 00:19:23,562
"Then I saw a black man

402
00:19:23,563 --> 00:19:26,733
"with a wound
on the back of the neck.

403
00:19:26,933 --> 00:19:29,368
"I could see the wound
with clarity and blood

404
00:19:29,369 --> 00:19:32,438
"that went down his back.

405
00:19:32,639 --> 00:19:37,242
"I asked him if it hurt a lot
because he didn't seem to care.

406
00:19:37,243 --> 00:19:39,812
"He told me no, that he would just go
to have a dressing put on

407
00:19:40,213 --> 00:19:42,949
"and that I was thinking of returning.

408
00:19:43,349 --> 00:19:47,185
"You can't imagine the spirit
immediate that that gave me.

409
00:19:47,186 --> 00:19:50,923
"From that moment I began
to feel brave

410
00:19:50,924 --> 00:19:52,792
and that he was a soldier."

411
00:19:53,192 --> 00:19:55,894
John Geenwood.

412
00:19:55,895 --> 00:19:58,264
From the coastal area
from Boston,

413
00:19:58,464 --> 00:20:00,699
its villagers,
among them Isaac,

414
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:02,468
John Greenwood's brother,

415
00:20:02,669 --> 00:20:04,369
they saw the british soldiers

416
00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:07,674
row with your companions
wounded from Charlestown.

417
00:20:07,874 --> 00:20:10,375
He said they were "forced
to draw the blood...

418
00:20:10,376 --> 00:20:11,811
like water."

419
00:20:12,211 --> 00:20:13,946
And when they started dating
towards charlestown

420
00:20:13,947 --> 00:20:16,516
again with new troops,

421
00:20:16,716 --> 00:20:19,886
Isaac recalled that “the soldiers
They looked pale as dead.

422
00:20:20,286 --> 00:20:22,321
when they got into the boats,

423
00:20:22,322 --> 00:20:23,723
because they could see clearly

424
00:20:23,890 --> 00:20:26,292
the redcoats
of his brothers reaped...

425
00:20:26,492 --> 00:20:29,461
like grass."

426
00:20:29,462 --> 00:20:31,598
In the lower part
of Breed's Hill,

427
00:20:31,798 --> 00:20:34,266
General Howe was determined
to attack the Americans

428
00:20:34,267 --> 00:20:36,468
once again.

429
00:20:36,469 --> 00:20:39,538
In the upper part,
Colonel Prescott

430
00:20:39,539 --> 00:20:41,740
he knew that his men
They ran out of gunpowder

431
00:20:41,741 --> 00:20:43,408
and that many muskets

432
00:20:43,409 --> 00:20:46,613
They were useless
from so much shooting.

433
00:20:46,813 --> 00:20:49,482
This time,
so that every shot counted,

434
00:20:49,682 --> 00:20:52,417
he insisted to his men
What will they expect?

435
00:20:52,418 --> 00:20:56,655
until the target was
thirty yards.

436
00:20:58,658 --> 00:21:00,593
"As soon as the first
man was struck down,

437
00:21:00,793 --> 00:21:02,995
the next one arrived
to take his place,"

438
00:21:02,996 --> 00:21:06,499
recalled a militiaman.

439
00:21:06,699 --> 00:21:09,402
"It was surprising
see them step on their dead...

440
00:21:09,602 --> 00:21:13,373
as if they had been
wooden logs".

441
00:21:13,573 --> 00:21:15,273
"We shoot

442
00:21:15,274 --> 00:21:16,643
until the ammunition
"they started to fail,"

443
00:21:16,843 --> 00:21:19,611
another militiaman recalled.

444
00:21:19,612 --> 00:21:22,949
"Then our shots
began to decrease,

445
00:21:23,349 --> 00:21:28,353
and finally they became extinct
like an old candle."

446
00:21:28,354 --> 00:21:30,288
British marines with bayonets

447
00:21:30,289 --> 00:21:33,493
they started to climb
the parapets.

448
00:21:33,693 --> 00:21:36,294
some americans
they threw stones at them

449
00:21:36,295 --> 00:21:38,830
or they threw their muskets at them
like sticks

450
00:21:38,831 --> 00:21:42,802
Others climbed to get out
from the shelter and fled.

451
00:21:43,002 --> 00:21:46,773
It's all over
in a matter of minutes.

452
00:21:46,973 --> 00:21:51,309
They had expelled
to the patriots of Breed's Hill.

453
00:21:51,310 --> 00:21:57,884
150 Americans died
and 305 were injured.

454
00:22:01,888 --> 00:22:03,623
Rick Atkinson: The British
they triumphed

455
00:22:03,823 --> 00:22:05,457
because they expelled
to the Americans

456
00:22:05,458 --> 00:22:08,360
of the Charlestown Peninsula.

457
00:22:08,361 --> 00:22:11,830
Breed's Hill was taken
and Bunker Hill was taken.

458
00:22:11,831 --> 00:22:15,967
But it was a victory
pyrrhic of the first order.

459
00:22:15,968 --> 00:22:17,537
There were four
of combat hours

460
00:22:17,737 --> 00:22:19,371
most terrible

461
00:22:19,372 --> 00:22:21,807
in military history
of the United States.

462
00:22:21,808 --> 00:22:26,112
That day there were thousands
British casualties.

463
00:22:26,512 --> 00:22:33,051
About 220
British soldiers died.

464
00:22:33,052 --> 00:22:36,089
Stephen Conway: 40 percent
of the attack force died

465
00:22:36,489 --> 00:22:38,091
or was injured.

466
00:22:38,491 --> 00:22:39,859
40 percent.

467
00:22:40,059 --> 00:22:43,128
It was a casualty rate
terribly high.

468
00:22:43,129 --> 00:22:45,931
{\an8}It was the casualty rate
highest in the british army

469
00:22:45,932 --> 00:22:49,669
{\an8}until the first day on the Somme,
in 1916.

470
00:22:49,869 --> 00:22:54,741
It was bloody and that had
an extremely profound impact.

471
00:22:54,941 --> 00:22:57,710
"The loss
what we have suffered is greater

472
00:22:57,910 --> 00:23:02,782
than we can bear,"
General Gage admitted.

473
00:23:02,982 --> 00:23:04,684
Two prominent men
they had been murdered

474
00:23:04,884 --> 00:23:07,385
during the final fight.

475
00:23:07,386 --> 00:23:09,454
While the eldest
John Pitcairn

476
00:23:09,455 --> 00:23:12,791
encouraged his British marines
to climb the walls,

477
00:23:12,792 --> 00:23:15,627
was shot
that pierced his chest

478
00:23:15,628 --> 00:23:19,031
and fell dying
in the arms of his son.

479
00:23:19,432 --> 00:23:21,768
New England natives
they hated him so much

480
00:23:21,968 --> 00:23:23,836
for having led
british troops

481
00:23:24,036 --> 00:23:27,006
in Lexington Square,
that at least four men

482
00:23:27,406 --> 00:23:32,010
were later attributed
the fatal shot.

483
00:23:32,011 --> 00:23:33,846
Dr. Joseph Warren,

484
00:23:34,046 --> 00:23:36,849
president of Congress
Massachusetts Provincial,

485
00:23:37,049 --> 00:23:38,751
to whom the British
they considered

486
00:23:38,951 --> 00:23:41,888
as the most "incendiary"
of all the rebel leaders,

487
00:23:42,088 --> 00:23:43,089
had insisted on joining
to men

488
00:23:43,489 --> 00:23:45,191
who defended Breed's Hill

489
00:23:45,591 --> 00:23:47,760
and was shot
in the head.

490
00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:50,495
The British officer
in charge of the funeral

491
00:23:50,496 --> 00:23:53,765
boasted that they had "stuffed
to the scoundrel with another rebel

492
00:23:53,766 --> 00:23:55,700
in a single hole

493
00:23:55,701 --> 00:23:58,770
and that there they could
rest in peace he

494
00:23:58,771 --> 00:24:02,775
and its seditious principles".

495
00:24:02,975 --> 00:24:05,043
"Saturday gave us
a horrible display

496
00:24:05,044 --> 00:24:08,514
"of horrors
of a civil war.

497
00:24:08,714 --> 00:24:11,183
"It may not be difficult for them
imagine the anguish

498
00:24:11,184 --> 00:24:15,120
"what we feel when we see English people
destroying each other.

499
00:24:15,121 --> 00:24:17,622
"May God grant
that the blood that has already been spilled

500
00:24:17,623 --> 00:24:19,492
"be enough.

501
00:24:19,692 --> 00:24:23,829
But it's not reasonable
hope so."

502
00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:25,965
Reverend Andrew Eliot.

503
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:29,969
When the news
of the battle,

504
00:24:30,169 --> 00:24:32,737
that was known
like the battle of Bunker Hill,

505
00:24:32,738 --> 00:24:34,907
They finally arrived in London,

506
00:24:35,107 --> 00:24:37,976
the king proclaimed
that "the deluded" of America

507
00:24:37,977 --> 00:24:39,678
were in a state
of "rebellion"

508
00:24:39,679 --> 00:24:42,814
open and declared."

509
00:24:42,815 --> 00:24:46,585
Now, anyone who supported
his cause was a traitor.

510
00:24:46,586 --> 00:24:50,255
General Gage
had been right:

511
00:24:50,256 --> 00:24:51,824
they could never end
with the revolution

512
00:24:52,024 --> 00:24:54,227
without a devastating force.

513
00:24:54,627 --> 00:24:57,495
But Gage didn't take long.
to be sent home

514
00:24:57,496 --> 00:24:59,031
and in its replacement
as commander in chief

515
00:24:59,232 --> 00:25:01,734
General William Howe remained.

516
00:25:01,934 --> 00:25:04,002
Howe led the fight
for almost three years

517
00:25:04,003 --> 00:25:07,106
in an attempt to finish
with the rebellion,

518
00:25:07,506 --> 00:25:10,141
and he was careful not to order
more frontal attacks

519
00:25:10,142 --> 00:25:14,013
against entrenched Americans.

520
00:25:16,582 --> 00:25:19,284
"Great Britain,
at the expense of three million,

521
00:25:19,285 --> 00:25:22,988
"murdered 150 Americans
in this campaign,

522
00:25:22,989 --> 00:25:26,258
"which is equivalent to 20,000
pounds per head.

523
00:25:26,259 --> 00:25:29,928
"And on Bunker's Hill
gained a mile of territory.

524
00:25:29,929 --> 00:25:32,298
"In that same period
60,000 children were born

525
00:25:32,698 --> 00:25:34,300
"in North America.

526
00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:36,201
"Based on that data,

527
00:25:36,202 --> 00:25:38,270
"calculate the time
and the necessary cost

528
00:25:38,271 --> 00:25:40,105
"to kill us all

529
00:25:40,106 --> 00:25:42,775
and conquer
all our territory."

530
00:25:42,975 --> 00:25:45,711
Benjamin Franklin.

531
00:25:55,021 --> 00:25:57,055
"It's sad to think

532
00:25:57,056 --> 00:25:58,990
"than a brother's sword
has been nailed

533
00:25:58,991 --> 00:26:01,594
"on a brother's chest,

534
00:26:01,794 --> 00:26:04,062
"and may the once happy
and peaceful plains

535
00:26:04,063 --> 00:26:07,333
"from America
They will end up soaked in blood

536
00:26:07,733 --> 00:26:09,835
"or inhabited by slaves.

537
00:26:10,036 --> 00:26:12,939
"What a sad alternative!

538
00:26:13,139 --> 00:26:16,741
But can a virtuous man
doubt your decision?"

539
00:26:16,742 --> 00:26:18,744
George Washington.

540
00:26:20,579 --> 00:26:24,115
On July 2, 1775,

541
00:26:24,116 --> 00:26:27,286
Private Phineas Ingalls
of Andover, Massachusetts,

542
00:26:27,687 --> 00:26:30,089
he wrote in his diary
that "it rained"

543
00:26:30,289 --> 00:26:32,825
and that "a new general
of Philadelphia"

544
00:26:33,025 --> 00:26:36,295
He had arrived in Cambridge.

545
00:26:36,696 --> 00:26:38,264
That new general
It was George Washington.

546
00:26:38,664 --> 00:26:40,165
of Virginia,

547
00:26:40,166 --> 00:26:43,134
army commander
Continental

548
00:26:43,135 --> 00:26:46,038
that I had just created
Congress in Philadelphia.

549
00:26:46,238 --> 00:26:47,840
His arrival meant

550
00:26:48,040 --> 00:26:49,208
that the war
in new england

551
00:26:49,608 --> 00:26:51,176
which they had joined
Phineas Ingalls

552
00:26:51,177 --> 00:26:53,778
and his fellow militiamen

553
00:26:53,779 --> 00:26:57,817
was about to become
in an American war.

554
00:26:58,017 --> 00:26:59,618
Jane Kamensky:
Washington was a figure

555
00:26:59,819 --> 00:27:01,353
towards which people
they leaned naturally

556
00:27:01,354 --> 00:27:04,022
looking for leadership.

557
00:27:04,023 --> 00:27:07,225
{\an8}When it was established
the Continental Army

558
00:27:07,226 --> 00:27:12,230
{\an8}at the end
from the spring of 1775,

559
00:27:12,231 --> 00:27:15,400
It was clear that no other
He could be the commander in chief.

560
00:27:15,401 --> 00:27:17,168
There was something
regarding his presence

561
00:27:17,169 --> 00:27:21,239
that converted it
in the inevitable choice.

562
00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:23,408
The Second Congress
Continental

563
00:27:23,409 --> 00:27:26,112
had been meeting
since may,

564
00:27:26,312 --> 00:27:28,813
and from the first it was clear
that George Washington,

565
00:27:28,814 --> 00:27:30,348
43 years old,

566
00:27:30,349 --> 00:27:33,785
would be the commander
of his new army.

567
00:27:33,786 --> 00:27:36,655
He had led troops
during the French and Indian War

568
00:27:36,856 --> 00:27:38,923
And he was from Virginia,

569
00:27:38,924 --> 00:27:42,261
the wealthiest colony
and populated.

570
00:27:42,661 --> 00:27:44,162
The delegates
from New England,

571
00:27:44,163 --> 00:27:45,831
eager to guarantee
that the colony

572
00:27:46,032 --> 00:27:47,832
would support the war,

573
00:27:47,833 --> 00:27:50,870
were in favor
to name the Virginian.

574
00:27:51,070 --> 00:27:53,138
Washington was also one
of the richest men

575
00:27:53,139 --> 00:27:55,140
from North America,

576
00:27:55,141 --> 00:27:57,343
who benefited from the work
of scores of servants

577
00:27:57,743 --> 00:27:58,978
by contract

578
00:27:59,178 --> 00:28:01,113
and more than a hundred people
enslaved

579
00:28:01,313 --> 00:28:02,948
in his plantation
of the Potomac River,

580
00:28:03,149 --> 00:28:06,152
at Mount Vernon.

581
00:28:06,352 --> 00:28:08,386
They grew tobacco and wheat,

582
00:28:08,387 --> 00:28:09,988
corn and flax,

583
00:28:09,989 --> 00:28:11,689
They ground flour,

584
00:28:11,690 --> 00:28:13,258
They distilled whiskey

585
00:28:13,259 --> 00:28:15,994
they fished, they salted
and they sold fish.

586
00:28:15,995 --> 00:28:17,963
Towards the West,

587
00:28:18,164 --> 00:28:23,768
had amassed tens of thousands
of acres of indigenous lands.

588
00:28:23,769 --> 00:28:28,240
{\an8}Joseph Ellis: In the Vision
of Washington's future...

589
00:28:28,441 --> 00:28:31,410
{\an8}the future of North America
It is not towards the East

590
00:28:31,811 --> 00:28:33,112
and not towards Europe either.

591
00:28:33,312 --> 00:28:35,414
It is towards the West.

592
00:28:35,815 --> 00:28:39,250
see the future
and the next generation

593
00:28:39,251 --> 00:28:41,352
like something
what they should focus on

594
00:28:41,353 --> 00:28:45,423
the consolidation of the continent.

595
00:28:45,424 --> 00:28:47,225
William Hogeland: What defines
the beginning of his career

596
00:28:47,226 --> 00:28:49,495
It's his amazing approach,

597
00:28:49,895 --> 00:28:53,398
{\an8}a relentless and intense focus
in their own interests,

598
00:28:53,399 --> 00:28:55,000
{\an8}which makes it the same
to any other member

599
00:28:55,201 --> 00:28:56,769
{\an8}of his class.

600
00:28:56,969 --> 00:28:59,070
It's just that it became
in George Washington.

601
00:28:59,071 --> 00:29:00,872
To Washington
it seemed inappropriate

602
00:29:00,873 --> 00:29:03,275
show your ambition
openly,

603
00:29:03,476 --> 00:29:07,113
but its mere appearance
made him stand out in Philadelphia.

604
00:29:07,313 --> 00:29:10,416
He was 1.90 more or less,

605
00:29:10,816 --> 00:29:12,051
while the average height

606
00:29:12,251 --> 00:29:13,918
of men
who would lead in battle

607
00:29:13,919 --> 00:29:15,753
It was 1.70.

608
00:29:15,754 --> 00:29:17,089
Furthermore, he was the only
of the delegates

609
00:29:17,289 --> 00:29:20,992
who dressed like a soldier
every day.

610
00:29:20,993 --> 00:29:22,261
William Hogeland:
I think Washington

611
00:29:22,461 --> 00:29:24,462
It was always fascinating.

612
00:29:24,463 --> 00:29:26,498
Partly because it used to be
very mysterious,

613
00:29:26,499 --> 00:29:28,766
very reserved in his ways.

614
00:29:28,767 --> 00:29:30,268
I didn't talk much
of what I was feeling

615
00:29:30,269 --> 00:29:31,904
inside.

616
00:29:34,140 --> 00:29:36,142
Joseph Ellis: He was a person

617
00:29:36,342 --> 00:29:39,345
that created space
around you by nature,

618
00:29:39,545 --> 00:29:41,547
and poor that one
that he dared

619
00:29:41,947 --> 00:29:44,450
to enter without being invited.

620
00:29:44,850 --> 00:29:48,521
Martha entered that space.

621
00:29:48,921 --> 00:29:51,422
Lafayette entered that space.

622
00:29:51,423 --> 00:29:55,027
Maybe Hamilton
He entered that space.

623
00:29:55,227 --> 00:29:57,863
"His bearing of dignity
martial is such

624
00:29:58,063 --> 00:30:00,099
"that you might recognize
what is a general

625
00:30:00,299 --> 00:30:02,968
"and a soldier
among ten thousand people.

626
00:30:03,169 --> 00:30:04,836
"In Europe there is no king

627
00:30:04,837 --> 00:30:09,107
that would not seem
a 'personal servant' at his side."

628
00:30:09,108 --> 00:30:12,010
Benjamin Rush.

629
00:30:12,011 --> 00:30:15,247
{\an8}Rick Atkinson: His Mind
It is made for action.

630
00:30:15,447 --> 00:30:17,916
{\an8}He is willing
to assume responsibilities.

631
00:30:17,917 --> 00:30:21,320
He has an exceptional memory.

632
00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:25,157
According to Thomas Jefferson,
He is the best rider of his time.

633
00:30:25,357 --> 00:30:27,493
It's done
to lead other men

634
00:30:27,893 --> 00:30:29,528
in the dark of the night,

635
00:30:29,929 --> 00:30:31,429
a quality
very scarce and valuable

636
00:30:31,430 --> 00:30:34,300
in any commander.

637
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:38,070
"I have embarked
in a stormy ocean,

638
00:30:38,270 --> 00:30:40,471
"from which, perhaps,
it is not possible to find

639
00:30:40,472 --> 00:30:42,841
some friendly port."
George Washington.

640
00:30:43,042 --> 00:30:45,277
Washington accepted
that he and his army

641
00:30:45,477 --> 00:30:48,613
they would be subordinate
to the civilian control of Congress,

642
00:30:48,614 --> 00:30:50,983
but still
he didn't see himself

643
00:30:51,183 --> 00:30:53,586
like a revolutionary.

644
00:30:53,986 --> 00:30:56,088
I still had hope
to lead what he called

645
00:30:56,288 --> 00:30:58,123
a "loyal protest",

646
00:30:58,324 --> 00:31:00,592
as if George III were
to overrule Parliament

647
00:31:00,593 --> 00:31:02,428
somehow

648
00:31:02,628 --> 00:31:06,297
to restore rights
of the British colonists.

649
00:31:06,298 --> 00:31:09,068
On the way to Cambridge,
met a messenger

650
00:31:09,268 --> 00:31:11,536
who carried a letter
with news

651
00:31:11,537 --> 00:31:14,205
about the terrible massacre
that had taken place

652
00:31:14,206 --> 00:31:16,208
on Breed's Hill.

653
00:31:18,344 --> 00:31:23,648
Rick Atkinson: He came to Cambridge
at the beginning of July 1775

654
00:31:23,649 --> 00:31:27,051
as a Virginian and commander,
almost exclusively,

655
00:31:27,052 --> 00:31:29,220
of the militiamen
of New England.

656
00:31:29,221 --> 00:31:31,222
I didn't know what to think of them

657
00:31:31,223 --> 00:31:33,659
and they didn't know
what to think of him.

658
00:31:34,059 --> 00:31:35,994
in private
has nothing good to say

659
00:31:35,995 --> 00:31:38,196
about the natives
of New England.

660
00:31:38,197 --> 00:31:40,432
It's as if they were
from different countries.

661
00:31:40,633 --> 00:31:43,368
But your job is to convert
to that pack,

662
00:31:43,369 --> 00:31:45,503
to that group of forces
militia

663
00:31:45,504 --> 00:31:48,307
in a national army.

664
00:31:50,576 --> 00:31:52,477
Washington thought
who would be in charge

665
00:31:52,478 --> 00:31:55,381
of a force
of twenty thousand men.

666
00:31:55,581 --> 00:32:00,919
In fact, less than fourteen thousand
They were fit to serve.

667
00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:05,423
They guaranteed him that he would have
15 tons of valuable gunpowder,

668
00:32:05,424 --> 00:32:08,693
I only had five.

669
00:32:08,694 --> 00:32:10,195
August 6
a company arrived

670
00:32:10,396 --> 00:32:13,565
of 95 riflemen from Virginia,

671
00:32:13,966 --> 00:32:16,702
concrete evidence
that the Americans

672
00:32:17,102 --> 00:32:21,372
beyond new england
They would offer to fight.

673
00:32:21,373 --> 00:32:25,544
They had to leave
almost 500 miles in three weeks.

674
00:32:25,944 --> 00:32:28,980
Their leader was the captain
Daniel Morgan,

675
00:32:28,981 --> 00:32:32,418
corpulent, quarrelsome
and that he had been a carter.

676
00:32:32,618 --> 00:32:34,553
He carried on his back
the marks of the whips

677
00:32:34,953 --> 00:32:37,222
that he received
during the French and Indian War

678
00:32:37,423 --> 00:32:39,691
after knocking out
to a British officer

679
00:32:39,692 --> 00:32:42,327
who had insulted him.

680
00:32:42,328 --> 00:32:46,297
Soon more riflemen arrived
of Pennsylvania and Maryland,

681
00:32:46,298 --> 00:32:49,434
as well as more Virginians.

682
00:32:49,435 --> 00:32:52,603
Their rifles were more accurate
than smooth barrel muskets

683
00:32:52,604 --> 00:32:55,707
that the patriots used.

684
00:32:55,708 --> 00:32:57,975
Its grooved barrels
they made the bullets spin

685
00:32:57,976 --> 00:33:02,347
that flew so
straighter and more accurate.

686
00:33:02,348 --> 00:33:04,349
A British soldier called them

687
00:33:04,350 --> 00:33:06,118
"the widow makers
and orphans

688
00:33:06,318 --> 00:33:10,022
deadliest in the world.

689
00:33:10,222 --> 00:33:12,591
But the riflemen too
They were frontiersmen.

690
00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:15,094
His accent was different
to New England,

691
00:33:15,294 --> 00:33:17,028
they dressed differently

692
00:33:17,029 --> 00:33:21,733
and they didn't like any class
of discipline.

693
00:33:21,734 --> 00:33:24,335
Alan Taylor: What's going on?
as a result of this revolution

694
00:33:24,336 --> 00:33:27,305
They are attempts to create
a national identity

695
00:33:27,306 --> 00:33:29,174
North American.

696
00:33:29,375 --> 00:33:31,709
A man like George Washington
he became quite eloquent

697
00:33:31,710 --> 00:33:33,611
{\an8}in one attempt
to persuade people.

698
00:33:33,612 --> 00:33:34,780
{\an8}"They are not Carolinians,"

699
00:33:35,180 --> 00:33:36,547
{\an8}"they are not New Yorkers",

700
00:33:36,548 --> 00:33:38,216
{\an8}"they are not native
of New England."

701
00:33:38,217 --> 00:33:41,019
"We are Americans."

702
00:33:41,220 --> 00:33:43,755
throughout
of the entire revolution,

703
00:33:43,756 --> 00:33:47,291
next to Washington,
there was always William Lee,

704
00:33:47,292 --> 00:33:48,794
the enslaved servant
that he brought with him

705
00:33:49,194 --> 00:33:52,664
from Mount Vernon.

706
00:33:53,065 --> 00:33:55,767
Jane Kamensky: I think we should
think of washington

707
00:33:55,768 --> 00:33:59,805
like the figure without which
America's freedom

708
00:34:00,205 --> 00:34:03,040
it would not have been achieved,

709
00:34:03,041 --> 00:34:06,177
and also like the slaver
of 317 men,

710
00:34:06,178 --> 00:34:08,480
women and children.

711
00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:10,715
{\an8}He acted as a slave owner, as
the slavers did.

712
00:34:10,716 --> 00:34:13,452
{\an8}He bought and sold people.

713
00:34:13,652 --> 00:34:16,788
{\an8}It destroyed families.

714
00:34:16,789 --> 00:34:20,658
Don't look for golden statues
of marble men.

715
00:34:20,659 --> 00:34:22,393
They weren't.

716
00:34:22,394 --> 00:34:24,262
And neither are we.

717
00:34:24,263 --> 00:34:26,165
And nobody is.

718
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:30,135
Washington was impatient,

719
00:34:30,335 --> 00:34:33,137
eager to face
to the enemy.

720
00:34:33,138 --> 00:34:35,407
In September, he proposed preparing
a water attack

721
00:34:35,607 --> 00:34:37,742
against Boston.

722
00:34:37,743 --> 00:34:41,213
His officers dissuaded him.

723
00:34:41,413 --> 00:34:43,615
Rick Atkinson: Washington
I had a lot to learn.

724
00:34:43,816 --> 00:34:45,817
There are many things you don't know

725
00:34:45,818 --> 00:34:48,820
because it's been 16 years
without wearing the uniform.

726
00:34:48,821 --> 00:34:51,322
He knows very little about artillery.

727
00:34:51,323 --> 00:34:53,858
knows very little
of fortifications.

728
00:34:53,859 --> 00:34:56,595
He doesn't know anything
continental logistics.

729
00:34:56,795 --> 00:35:00,466
So charge
a stack of books with him.

730
00:35:00,666 --> 00:35:02,534
Nathaniel Philbrick:
Generally,

731
00:35:02,734 --> 00:35:04,535
before taking
an important decision,

732
00:35:04,536 --> 00:35:06,637
{\an8}Washington consulted
to his division generals

733
00:35:06,638 --> 00:35:08,306
{\an8}about what to do.

734
00:35:08,307 --> 00:35:10,209
{\an8}And inevitably,

735
00:35:10,409 --> 00:35:12,410
{\an8}I ended up doing
what you suggested

736
00:35:12,411 --> 00:35:14,313
Nathanael Greene.

737
00:35:14,513 --> 00:35:15,646
The general
Nathanael Greene

738
00:35:15,647 --> 00:35:17,216
from Rhode Island,

739
00:35:17,416 --> 00:35:19,383
a quaker
who came to see pacifism

740
00:35:19,384 --> 00:35:22,119
as impractical
in front of what he called

741
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:24,122
the "business of necessity",

742
00:35:24,323 --> 00:35:25,424
he said he was waiting
that the British

743
00:35:25,624 --> 00:35:27,758
made a move

744
00:35:27,759 --> 00:35:29,361
so that the Americans

745
00:35:29,561 --> 00:35:32,363
could "sell them another hill"
at the same price"

746
00:35:32,364 --> 00:35:36,869
that they had paid
by Breed's Hill.

747
00:35:37,269 --> 00:35:39,337
But the British
they didn't dare either

748
00:35:39,338 --> 00:35:41,138
to organize an attack

749
00:35:41,139 --> 00:35:43,375
against the forces
from Washington.

750
00:35:43,575 --> 00:35:47,278
The memory of the last battle
It was too fresh.

751
00:35:47,279 --> 00:35:51,350
The stalemate continued
for another six months.

752
00:35:51,550 --> 00:35:54,520
In Boston,
soldiers and civilians suffered.

753
00:35:54,720 --> 00:35:57,822
There was very little firewood.

754
00:35:57,823 --> 00:36:00,691
The soldiers started
church pews

755
00:36:00,692 --> 00:36:02,660
and demolished entire houses

756
00:36:02,661 --> 00:36:05,163
to try to stay
hot.

757
00:36:05,364 --> 00:36:07,865
Of 40 boats
that England and Ireland

758
00:36:07,866 --> 00:36:09,868
they dispatched
to supply the city,

759
00:36:10,269 --> 00:36:13,538
32 never arrived.

760
00:36:13,539 --> 00:36:17,676
Some diverted by winds
unfavorable towards the Caribbean

761
00:36:17,876 --> 00:36:21,613
and others seized
for the patriots.

762
00:36:21,813 --> 00:36:23,482
"In the name of God,

763
00:36:23,682 --> 00:36:25,816
"what are they doing
in England?

764
00:36:25,817 --> 00:36:28,219
"Did they forget us?

765
00:36:28,220 --> 00:36:30,955
"Because we have not received
a single ship in three months

766
00:36:30,956 --> 00:36:33,392
"with no class
of provisions.

767
00:36:33,592 --> 00:36:34,826
"Therefore,

768
00:36:35,193 --> 00:36:37,596
our miseries
have multiplied."

769
00:36:37,796 --> 00:36:39,665
British Officer.

770
00:36:44,503 --> 00:36:48,707
"In 1770,
I built a house, a dam,

771
00:36:48,907 --> 00:36:52,678
a sawmill and a grinding mill
on the west of the Connecticut River.

772
00:36:52,878 --> 00:36:55,880
"Here my situation was simple
and so independent

773
00:36:55,881 --> 00:36:58,350
as I had always wanted."

774
00:36:58,550 --> 00:37:00,485
John Peters.

775
00:37:00,686 --> 00:37:04,456
Before the war,
Yale-educated John Peters

776
00:37:04,656 --> 00:37:06,924
was the man
Moretown's most respected,

777
00:37:06,925 --> 00:37:08,727
in Vermont,

778
00:37:08,927 --> 00:37:12,831
where he lived with his wife Ann
and their children.

779
00:37:13,231 --> 00:37:16,434
In 1774,
his neighbors chose him

780
00:37:16,435 --> 00:37:17,835
to represent them

781
00:37:17,836 --> 00:37:20,805
in the First Council
Continental.

782
00:37:20,806 --> 00:37:23,007
But when Peters
came to Philadelphia

783
00:37:23,008 --> 00:37:25,343
and perceived
that the other delegates

784
00:37:25,344 --> 00:37:28,779
"they wanted to unleash
a serious rebellion",

785
00:37:28,780 --> 00:37:32,950
He refused to be part of it.
and went home.

786
00:37:32,951 --> 00:37:35,019
Back,
distrustful patriots

787
00:37:35,020 --> 00:37:37,022
They arrested him four times;

788
00:37:37,422 --> 00:37:41,792
in Wethersfield,
Hartford, Springfield

789
00:37:41,793 --> 00:37:44,762
and finally
in Moretown itself,

790
00:37:44,763 --> 00:37:47,466
where "another mob
threatened to execute him,"

791
00:37:47,666 --> 00:37:50,968
he recalled, "for being an enemy
of Congress".

792
00:37:50,969 --> 00:37:52,803
His own father,

793
00:37:52,804 --> 00:37:55,774
a colonel in the rebel militia
of Connecticut,

794
00:37:55,974 --> 00:37:59,944
urged his fellow patriots
to be "severe" with your child

795
00:37:59,945 --> 00:38:03,882
to return it
a "friend of America."

796
00:38:04,282 --> 00:38:07,519
"The mob
He visited me again and again.

797
00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:09,987
"They confined me
to the limits of the town

798
00:38:09,988 --> 00:38:13,324
and they threatened to kill me
if he violated his orders."

799
00:38:13,325 --> 00:38:14,492
John Peters

800
00:38:14,493 --> 00:38:16,460
Even at that time

801
00:38:16,461 --> 00:38:20,332
Peters refused to betray
to his "king and his conscience."

802
00:38:20,532 --> 00:38:23,434
Instead he lowered his head

803
00:38:23,435 --> 00:38:26,604
with the hope
not to get involved in the fight.

804
00:38:26,605 --> 00:38:29,074
"I never thought
that the problems

805
00:38:29,474 --> 00:38:33,044
"they would be so big
or that they would last so long.

806
00:38:33,045 --> 00:38:37,448
"I tried to stay out of it,
but it was impossible.

807
00:38:37,449 --> 00:38:40,585
The madness of the people
grew more every day."

808
00:38:40,786 --> 00:38:42,688
John Peters.

809
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:51,963
Rick Atkinson: Lake Champlain
It's like a 90 mile tear

810
00:38:52,364 --> 00:38:54,098
that extends
from the canadian border

811
00:38:54,099 --> 00:38:57,802
until almost reaching the Hudson River.

812
00:38:57,803 --> 00:39:01,073
If one controlled
Lake Champlain,

813
00:39:01,473 --> 00:39:03,475
controlled the entry point
to New York

814
00:39:03,675 --> 00:39:09,614
more obvious from the north,
and to Canada from the south.

815
00:39:09,815 --> 00:39:12,484
The rest was nature.

816
00:39:14,519 --> 00:39:15,854
Nathaniel Philbrick:
The Americans

817
00:39:16,054 --> 00:39:18,023
They saw an opportunity.

818
00:39:18,423 --> 00:39:21,592
If they managed to take Montreal,
if they took Quebec

819
00:39:21,593 --> 00:39:24,428
{\an8}and they took control
of San Lorenzo,

820
00:39:24,429 --> 00:39:28,133
{\an8}they could have the British
right where they wanted them.

821
00:39:28,533 --> 00:39:31,769
at the end of summer
from 1775,

822
00:39:31,770 --> 00:39:34,705
1,200 New York troops
and New England

823
00:39:34,706 --> 00:39:36,907
They met on Ile aux Noix,

824
00:39:36,908 --> 00:39:40,512
right inside
of the province of Quebec.

825
00:39:40,712 --> 00:39:42,748
Your commander,
Richard Montgomery,

826
00:39:42,948 --> 00:39:45,616
I had orders
of the Continental Congress

827
00:39:45,617 --> 00:39:48,687
to "take immediate possession"
of the British garrison

828
00:39:48,887 --> 00:39:52,491
in Montreal
and continue north.

829
00:39:52,691 --> 00:39:54,626
The ultimate goal
was to eliminate the province

830
00:39:54,826 --> 00:39:57,495
as a military threat

831
00:39:57,496 --> 00:39:59,664
and maybe convert it
in the fourteenth

832
00:39:59,865 --> 00:40:02,633
North American colony.

833
00:40:02,634 --> 00:40:05,102
They didn't expect
have a lot of opposition:

834
00:40:05,103 --> 00:40:06,638
throughout the province

835
00:40:06,838 --> 00:40:09,740
there were only about 700 soldiers
British.

836
00:40:09,741 --> 00:40:11,576
So George Washington

837
00:40:11,777 --> 00:40:14,045
requested
an additional expedition

838
00:40:14,446 --> 00:40:15,881
through the forests
from the province of Maine

839
00:40:16,081 --> 00:40:17,815
in Massachusetts

840
00:40:17,816 --> 00:40:20,050
to surprise and capture
quebec city

841
00:40:20,051 --> 00:40:22,453
in the Saint Lawrence River.

842
00:40:22,454 --> 00:40:23,688
To lead it,

843
00:40:23,889 --> 00:40:27,759
Washington
He chose Benedict Arnold.

844
00:40:27,959 --> 00:40:30,427
Rick Atkinson: During
the first two years

845
00:40:30,428 --> 00:40:31,963
of war,

846
00:40:32,164 --> 00:40:34,499
Benedict Arnold
He was the best tactical commander

847
00:40:34,699 --> 00:40:36,535
on both sides.

848
00:40:36,735 --> 00:40:39,905
He had the manifest gift
to be able to motivate men,

849
00:40:40,105 --> 00:40:41,640
At a tactical level,

850
00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:43,507
and get them to do
what I wanted

851
00:40:43,508 --> 00:40:46,177
under difficult circumstances.

852
00:40:46,178 --> 00:40:48,046
Arnold emerged

853
00:40:48,446 --> 00:40:49,881
of the capture
of Fort Ticonderoga

854
00:40:50,081 --> 00:40:52,050
with a mixed reputation:

855
00:40:52,450 --> 00:40:54,719
had discussed
with rival officers

856
00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:58,123
and he got so angry
when they questioned their expenses

857
00:40:58,523 --> 00:41:02,760
who just quit
to the militia and went home.

858
00:41:02,761 --> 00:41:05,063
but after
of the death of his wife,

859
00:41:05,463 --> 00:41:08,065
left her three children
with his sister

860
00:41:08,066 --> 00:41:11,569
and joined the Army
Washington Mainland.

861
00:41:11,570 --> 00:41:13,004
He told a friend,

862
00:41:13,205 --> 00:41:15,073
“an idle life
in these circumstances

863
00:41:15,473 --> 00:41:18,843
it wouldn't be more
than a slow death."

864
00:41:18,844 --> 00:41:20,611
Washington believed that Quebec

865
00:41:20,612 --> 00:41:23,982
surely it would be
"a very easy prey."

866
00:41:24,182 --> 00:41:28,118
But he added,
"There is no time to waste."

867
00:41:28,119 --> 00:41:30,222
{\an8}Stephen Conway:
To the Americans

868
00:41:30,622 --> 00:41:32,858
{\an8}it didn't bother them
the concept of empire.

869
00:41:33,058 --> 00:41:37,028
{\an8}On the contrary,
They were great enthusiasts.

870
00:41:37,229 --> 00:41:40,665
For a good reason they called it
“Continental Army”

871
00:41:40,866 --> 00:41:43,702
and “Continental Congress.”

872
00:41:43,902 --> 00:41:46,203
They had the ambition
to incorporate Canada,

873
00:41:46,204 --> 00:41:48,038
Florida,

874
00:41:48,039 --> 00:41:51,509
and to the entire continent
of North America.

875
00:41:51,710 --> 00:41:54,511
On September 25,

876
00:41:54,512 --> 00:41:57,514
from a shipyard on the river
Kennebec in Maine,

877
00:41:57,515 --> 00:42:00,985
Benedict Arnold
and his force of 1,100 men

878
00:42:00,986 --> 00:42:04,688
They left for Canada.

879
00:42:04,689 --> 00:42:06,691
"If it is not punished
to the people

880
00:42:06,892 --> 00:42:08,827
"of the four governments
from new england

881
00:42:09,027 --> 00:42:11,029
"for their acts of rebellion
and pirates,

882
00:42:11,229 --> 00:42:14,266
"it will only encourage them
to go further.

883
00:42:14,666 --> 00:42:18,669
I have decided to destroy part
of their towns and fleets.

884
00:42:18,670 --> 00:42:22,574
Vice Admiral Samuel Graves.

885
00:42:22,774 --> 00:42:26,076
In October,
Vice Admiral Samuel Graves,

886
00:42:26,077 --> 00:42:28,145
commander in chief of the base
from North America

887
00:42:28,146 --> 00:42:30,781
of His Majesty,

888
00:42:30,782 --> 00:42:34,219
announced his plans to destroy
with the ports of Marblehead,

889
00:42:34,619 --> 00:42:37,655
Salem, Cape Ann, Ipswich,

890
00:42:37,656 --> 00:42:40,658
Newburyport, Portsmouth,

891
00:42:40,659 --> 00:42:43,995
Saco, Falmouth and Machias.

892
00:42:44,195 --> 00:42:46,931
They were all bases
from which corsairs,

893
00:42:46,932 --> 00:42:50,869
patriotic looters,
They threatened the British fleet.

894
00:42:51,069 --> 00:42:53,905
Graves sent Lieutenant
Henry Mowat

895
00:42:54,105 --> 00:42:57,207
and four boats
to carry out his orders.

896
00:42:57,208 --> 00:43:02,914
Mowat started in Falmouth,
present-day Portland, Maine.

897
00:43:03,114 --> 00:43:05,582
Mowat gave them
to its almost 2,000 inhabitants

898
00:43:05,583 --> 00:43:07,118
two hours to,

899
00:43:07,319 --> 00:43:10,288
said, "withdraw without delay
to human beings"

900
00:43:10,689 --> 00:43:12,891
before it started
the bombing,

901
00:43:13,091 --> 00:43:15,961
and then agreed to reconsider

902
00:43:16,161 --> 00:43:19,764
in exchange for its inhabitants
They will hand over all their weapons

903
00:43:19,965 --> 00:43:23,034
and gunpowder the next morning.

904
00:43:23,234 --> 00:43:25,102
Since they didn't,

905
00:43:25,103 --> 00:43:27,339
british ships
They opened fire.

906
00:43:29,841 --> 00:43:32,677
The cannonade lasted
more than seven hours

907
00:43:32,877 --> 00:43:36,748
and they shot
more than 3,000 projectiles

908
00:43:36,948 --> 00:43:40,285
and hollow bullets
filled with combustible material.

909
00:43:40,685 --> 00:43:42,320
In the middle of the afternoon,

910
00:43:42,721 --> 00:43:45,756
landing parties
They reached the shore.

911
00:43:45,757 --> 00:43:47,926
They threw torches
through doors and windows

912
00:43:48,126 --> 00:43:50,395
of houses and premises.

913
00:43:50,795 --> 00:43:52,297
The news
of the destruction of Falmouth

914
00:43:52,697 --> 00:43:54,399
It spread quickly.

915
00:43:54,799 --> 00:43:56,767
The ports
along the coast

916
00:43:56,768 --> 00:43:59,837
they prepared
for the next attack.

917
00:43:59,838 --> 00:44:02,240
Washington and Congress

918
00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:04,009
they had already started
to assemble ships

919
00:44:04,209 --> 00:44:06,111
to get cargo
of the enemy

920
00:44:06,311 --> 00:44:09,014
to supply the army.

921
00:44:09,214 --> 00:44:11,348
Congress voted
to order construction

922
00:44:11,349 --> 00:44:12,851
of thirteen frigates

923
00:44:13,051 --> 00:44:16,920
for the new
Continental Army.

924
00:44:16,921 --> 00:44:20,424
Nathaniel Philbrick: To have
a navy in the 18th century,

925
00:44:20,425 --> 00:44:22,826
was needed
a fleet of ships,

926
00:44:22,827 --> 00:44:25,663
the machines
most sophisticated in the world

927
00:44:24,863 --> 00:44:26,964
at that time.

928
00:44:26,965 --> 00:44:29,066
And they were very expensive.

929
00:44:29,067 --> 00:44:31,135
To build them,
all kinds were needed

930
00:44:31,136 --> 00:44:34,439
of economic power
and technological.

931
00:44:34,839 --> 00:44:36,206
Britain had it.

932
00:44:36,207 --> 00:44:38,942
The colonies really don't.

933
00:44:38,943 --> 00:44:41,111
So contemplate
facing

934
00:44:41,112 --> 00:44:46,084
to such a naval power
It was almost crazy.

935
00:44:46,284 --> 00:44:49,920
The Patriot Commander
most successful was John Manley,

936
00:44:49,921 --> 00:44:53,124
a ship captain
from Marblehead.

937
00:44:53,324 --> 00:44:55,427
managed to seize
seven British ships

938
00:44:55,827 --> 00:44:58,163
before the end of the year,

939
00:44:58,363 --> 00:45:00,264
which included
an artillery ship

940
00:45:00,265 --> 00:45:04,701
who carried 100,000 stones
shotgun, 2,000 muskets

941
00:45:04,702 --> 00:45:07,472
and 30,000 cannon balls
in the cellar,

942
00:45:07,872 --> 00:45:09,374
things that the Army
Continental

943
00:45:09,774 --> 00:45:12,777
urgently needed.

944
00:45:14,446 --> 00:45:17,082
British Admiral Graves

945
00:45:17,282 --> 00:45:21,218
finally decided
do not attack more ports.

946
00:45:21,219 --> 00:45:23,855
But the damage was already done.

947
00:45:24,055 --> 00:45:27,157
"The savage barbarism
and brutal of our enemies

948
00:45:27,158 --> 00:45:29,394
"is the absolute demonstration
that there is no left

949
00:45:29,794 --> 00:45:31,162
"the slightest trace of virtue,

950
00:45:31,362 --> 00:45:34,832
wisdom or humanity
in the British."

951
00:45:34,833 --> 00:45:37,035
"Therefore,
we hope to break up soon

952
00:45:37,235 --> 00:45:39,369
"all types of relationships
with Great Britain

953
00:45:39,370 --> 00:45:41,239
"and become
in a Great Republic

954
00:45:41,439 --> 00:45:44,374
of the colonies
united Americans".

955
00:45:44,375 --> 00:45:47,011
The New England Chronicle.

956
00:45:50,381 --> 00:45:54,786
"In every human breast,
God has established a principle

957
00:45:54,986 --> 00:45:58,322
"which we call
love for freedom.

958
00:45:58,323 --> 00:46:04,294
"He is impatient in the face of oppression
and longs for liberation.

959
00:46:04,295 --> 00:46:09,868
I will affirm that that same principle
lives within us."

960
00:46:10,068 --> 00:46:12,403
Phillis Wheatley.

961
00:46:14,372 --> 00:46:16,107
George Washington

962
00:46:16,307 --> 00:46:18,075
established its headquarters
in cambridge

963
00:46:18,076 --> 00:46:19,843
in the splendid house
of a loyal

964
00:46:19,844 --> 00:46:22,446
who had fled to England.

965
00:46:22,447 --> 00:46:25,415
One morning,
shortly after moving,

966
00:46:25,416 --> 00:46:27,217
saw an African American
six years old

967
00:46:27,218 --> 00:46:31,389
named Darby Vassall
swinging on the fence.

968
00:46:31,789 --> 00:46:34,158
Vassall remembered saying that
He had been born in the house;

969
00:46:34,159 --> 00:46:36,494
and that his parents worked there.

970
00:46:36,895 --> 00:46:41,266
Washington invited him in
to eat something,

971
00:46:41,466 --> 00:46:44,369
He had many tasks for him.

972
00:46:44,569 --> 00:46:48,505
When Darby asked
What kind of salary would you receive?

973
00:46:48,506 --> 00:46:54,244
Washington thought that the question
was impertinent and "irrational."

974
00:46:54,245 --> 00:46:57,248
Darby Vassall lived
until a very old age

975
00:46:57,448 --> 00:46:58,983
and, when they asked him,

976
00:46:59,184 --> 00:47:01,152
He liked to say that,
in his experience,

977
00:47:01,352 --> 00:47:04,556
George Washington
"he was not a gentleman",

978
00:47:04,956 --> 00:47:09,460
since I expected a boy
will work for free.

979
00:47:09,861 --> 00:47:13,897
Washington was also surprised
to see black soldiers

980
00:47:13,898 --> 00:47:16,201
camping
with their white neighbors.

981
00:47:16,401 --> 00:47:18,069
Washington was skeptical

982
00:47:18,269 --> 00:47:21,139
that they could arrive
to be good soldiers,

983
00:47:21,339 --> 00:47:24,074
So he convinced Congress
Massachusetts Provincial

984
00:47:24,075 --> 00:47:26,210
so that I would not list them anymore,

985
00:47:26,211 --> 00:47:28,580
although dozens of them
they had fought at Breed's Hill.

986
00:47:30,982 --> 00:47:33,016
Christopher Brown: I think.
that Washington was concerned

987
00:47:33,017 --> 00:47:35,553
what that could mean
for slavery

988
00:47:35,954 --> 00:47:37,288
and the slavers.

989
00:47:37,488 --> 00:47:40,091
{\an8}I guess I was alarmed
for the shapes

990
00:47:40,291 --> 00:47:44,229
{\an8}how it could end up affecting
to the institution.

991
00:47:44,429 --> 00:47:46,063
African Americans
enslaved

992
00:47:46,064 --> 00:47:47,564
They were only two percent.
of the population

993
00:47:47,565 --> 00:47:50,168
from New England,

994
00:47:50,368 --> 00:47:52,603
but 40 percent
of virginians

995
00:47:52,604 --> 00:47:54,872
They were enslaved,

996
00:47:55,073 --> 00:47:56,174
and the planters
like Washington

997
00:47:56,374 --> 00:47:57,874
they lived in fear

998
00:47:57,875 --> 00:48:00,345
that they would get up
against him,

999
00:48:00,545 --> 00:48:02,547
just like they had done
enslaved people

1000
00:48:02,947 --> 00:48:05,250
on the British island of Jamaica

1001
00:48:05,450 --> 00:48:09,186
three times
in the last 15 years.

1002
00:48:09,187 --> 00:48:12,155
"When you enslave
to the men,

1003
00:48:12,156 --> 00:48:14,559
"you deprive them
of half his virtue

1004
00:48:14,959 --> 00:48:19,429
"and you force them to live with you
in a state of war.

1005
00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:23,134
"Is there no danger
for giving them this kind of treatment?

1006
00:48:23,334 --> 00:48:27,638
Don't they live in fear
to an insurrection?"

1007
00:48:27,639 --> 00:48:31,009
Olaudah Equiano.

1008
00:48:31,209 --> 00:48:33,645
The growing discourse
about "freedom"

1009
00:48:34,045 --> 00:48:36,214
had attracted those
that they had the least

1010
00:48:36,414 --> 00:48:38,549
and they longed for it more.

1011
00:48:38,950 --> 00:48:41,352
From New England
to South Carolina,

1012
00:48:41,552 --> 00:48:42,987
enslaved people

1013
00:48:43,187 --> 00:48:44,922
they offered
to help the British

1014
00:48:45,123 --> 00:48:47,558
if they were granted freedom.

1015
00:48:47,959 --> 00:48:52,529
In November 1775,
the royal governor of Virginia,

1016
00:48:52,530 --> 00:48:54,299
Lord Dunmore,

1017
00:48:54,499 --> 00:48:57,200
who had to flee
with about 300 soldiers,

1018
00:48:57,201 --> 00:48:59,971
sailors and loyalists
to some anchored ships

1019
00:49:00,171 --> 00:49:01,672
in the Chesapeake Bay,

1020
00:49:01,673 --> 00:49:05,376
made a proclamation
which seemed to confirm

1021
00:49:05,576 --> 00:49:09,012
the worst nightmares
of the slavers.

1022
00:49:09,013 --> 00:49:11,682
Promised freedom
to enslaved men

1023
00:49:11,683 --> 00:49:13,685
owned by rebels

1024
00:49:14,085 --> 00:49:16,520
that they were willing
to take up arms

1025
00:49:16,521 --> 00:49:20,223
and help suppress
the uprising.

1026
00:49:20,224 --> 00:49:22,593
Rick Atkinson: The Trade
of enslaved people

1027
00:49:22,994 --> 00:49:26,397
from Great Britain
It was the largest in the world.

1028
00:49:26,597 --> 00:49:29,267
Still, the British
They believed that if they managed to convince

1029
00:49:29,467 --> 00:49:31,336
to enough
enslaved people

1030
00:49:31,536 --> 00:49:33,338
to abandon their masters
in the South

1031
00:49:33,538 --> 00:49:35,038
and take up arms

1032
00:49:35,039 --> 00:49:37,741
against the rebels
Americans,

1033
00:49:37,742 --> 00:49:40,510
they would have a hand fountain
of work

1034
00:49:40,511 --> 00:49:43,347
and would also destabilize
to the economies

1035
00:49:43,348 --> 00:49:45,449
of the southern states.

1036
00:49:45,450 --> 00:49:47,317
{\an8}Vincent Brown: The British
They were not against slavery.

1037
00:49:47,318 --> 00:49:49,619
{\an8}in the 1770s.

1038
00:49:49,620 --> 00:49:51,589
{\an8}Their colonies in the Caribbean

1039
00:49:51,989 --> 00:49:54,691
{\an8}are the most profitable
of the Americas

1040
00:49:54,692 --> 00:49:57,161
and are firmly committed
with slavery.

1041
00:49:57,362 --> 00:49:59,397
But, opportunistically,

1042
00:49:59,597 --> 00:50:03,033
seeing the possibility of inciting
to enslaved people

1043
00:50:03,034 --> 00:50:05,302
to rise up against
of the rebellious settlers,

1044
00:50:05,303 --> 00:50:08,005
they do it.

1045
00:50:08,206 --> 00:50:09,407
Annette Gordon-Reed: Stop.
enslaved people,

1046
00:50:09,607 --> 00:50:11,776
this was a way out
of a situation

1047
00:50:12,176 --> 00:50:14,779
that seemed insurmountable.

1048
00:50:15,179 --> 00:50:17,548
{\an8}And it gave them the impetus

1049
00:50:17,749 --> 00:50:19,317
{\an8}to participate in that.

1050
00:50:19,517 --> 00:50:21,285
{\an8}In a kind of chaos
of war

1051
00:50:21,486 --> 00:50:24,020
They found an opportunity.

1052
00:50:24,021 --> 00:50:25,690
A way to escape
of your situation.

1053
00:50:27,291 --> 00:50:30,228
"The Virginia Gazzette."

1054
00:50:30,428 --> 00:50:32,497
"You better, blacks,
don't let yourself be tempted

1055
00:50:32,697 --> 00:50:36,434
"by this proclamation
which will be his ruin.

1056
00:50:36,634 --> 00:50:39,336
"I don't know if they will continue
my advice or not.

1057
00:50:39,337 --> 00:50:41,305
"But what I do know
is that regardless

1058
00:50:41,506 --> 00:50:44,674
"whether we suffer or not,
by abandoning us,

1059
00:50:44,675 --> 00:50:49,746
with all certainty
"You will suffer."

1060
00:50:49,747 --> 00:50:52,082
The proclamation
by dunmore

1061
00:50:52,083 --> 00:50:54,051
made southern slaveholders
they took the side

1062
00:50:54,252 --> 00:50:56,354
of the revolutionaries.

1063
00:50:56,554 --> 00:50:59,123
Edward Rutledge
from South Carolina

1064
00:50:59,323 --> 00:51:02,492
spoke for many:
Dunmore's proclamation

1065
00:51:02,493 --> 00:51:05,530
tends, "in my opinion,
to achieve separation

1066
00:51:05,730 --> 00:51:08,799
eternal britain
and the colonies

1067
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:13,237
more effectively
than any other resource.

1068
00:51:13,438 --> 00:51:14,838
Christopher Brown: Dunmore said

1069
00:51:14,839 --> 00:51:16,407
that I just wanted
to join him

1070
00:51:16,574 --> 00:51:18,743
enslaved people
of the rebels...

1071
00:51:20,778 --> 00:51:23,247
without specifying how
they can be differentiated from each other

1072
00:51:23,448 --> 00:51:25,349
or if it exists
some kind of census

1073
00:51:25,550 --> 00:51:28,084
about who it belongs to
each one.

1074
00:51:28,085 --> 00:51:31,321
dunmore
He was not an abolitionist.

1075
00:51:31,322 --> 00:51:34,525
He freed none
of the 57 human beings

1076
00:51:34,725 --> 00:51:37,327
that he himself
kept them enslaved.

1077
00:51:37,328 --> 00:51:40,263
The patriots captured them

1078
00:51:40,264 --> 00:51:43,700
and they sold them
to finance their cause.

1079
00:51:43,701 --> 00:51:46,337
"Wednesday.

1080
00:51:46,537 --> 00:51:51,442
"Last night after we went to bed,
Moses, my son's servant,

1081
00:51:51,642 --> 00:51:56,112
"Joe, Billy, Postillion,
John, Mulatto Peter,

1082
00:51:56,113 --> 00:52:00,484
"Tom, Panticore, Manuel
and Lancaster Sam

1083
00:52:00,485 --> 00:52:03,321
They fled to Lord Dunmore."

1084
00:52:03,521 --> 00:52:06,523
Landon Carter.

1085
00:52:06,524 --> 00:52:08,892
Now,
the fugitives ran en masse

1086
00:52:08,893 --> 00:52:10,861
to the governor's ships,

1087
00:52:10,862 --> 00:52:14,164
gliding silently
through the rivers and streams

1088
00:52:14,165 --> 00:52:17,602
of tides that flowed
in the Chesapeake Bay.

1089
00:52:17,802 --> 00:52:20,204
87 men, women and children

1090
00:52:20,404 --> 00:52:22,472
from a single plantation
in Virginia

1091
00:52:22,473 --> 00:52:24,909
They fled towards Dunmore.

1092
00:52:27,645 --> 00:52:32,149
"Last night he ran away from the subscriber
a black man named Charles,

1093
00:52:32,350 --> 00:52:34,784
"a very clever person
and sensible

1094
00:52:34,785 --> 00:52:37,388
"who can read and write.

1095
00:52:37,588 --> 00:52:41,658
"It is believed that he is trying to reach
even Lord Dunmore.

1096
00:52:41,659 --> 00:52:43,693
"His escape
It is not due to any complaint

1097
00:52:43,694 --> 00:52:46,397
"nor to the fear of being whipped,

1098
00:52:46,597 --> 00:52:48,866
"but to your determination
to achieve freedom

1099
00:52:49,267 --> 00:52:52,436
as he conceives it."

1100
00:52:54,272 --> 00:52:56,173
The administrator
of the plantation

1101
00:52:56,374 --> 00:52:58,776
of George Washington
warned him:

1102
00:52:59,176 --> 00:53:01,178
"There is not one man
between them

1103
00:53:01,379 --> 00:53:02,947
who would hesitate to leave
If you believed you could do it...

1104
00:53:03,347 --> 00:53:05,249
"Freedom is sweet."

1105
00:53:05,449 --> 00:53:07,285
He was right.

1106
00:53:07,485 --> 00:53:09,619
The first enslaved person
who escaped from Mount Vernon

1107
00:53:09,620 --> 00:53:11,556
His name was Harry Washington.

1108
00:53:11,756 --> 00:53:13,824
was born somewhere
near the Gambia river

1109
00:53:14,225 --> 00:53:16,493
in West Africa.

1110
00:53:16,494 --> 00:53:19,797
They captured him, they sent him
on the other side of the ocean,

1111
00:53:20,197 --> 00:53:24,467
and in 1763,
George Washington bought it.

1112
00:53:24,468 --> 00:53:27,872
Freedom was always
in your thoughts.

1113
00:53:28,272 --> 00:53:30,575
I had tried to escape
in 1771,

1114
00:53:30,775 --> 00:53:33,711
but they captured him
and they returned it.

1115
00:53:33,911 --> 00:53:38,649
Four years later,
He saw his opportunity.

1116
00:53:38,849 --> 00:53:42,452
{\an8}Erica Dunbar: After
of Lord Dunmore's proclamation,

1117
00:53:42,453 --> 00:53:46,524
{\an8}Harry Washington realized
that it was his opportunity.

1118
00:53:46,724 --> 00:53:48,359
Joined the British

1119
00:53:48,559 --> 00:53:52,396
against whom
They had once been their masters.

1120
00:53:54,699 --> 00:53:56,834
George Washington
said that Lord Dunmore

1121
00:53:57,234 --> 00:53:58,702
was a "monster"

1122
00:53:58,703 --> 00:54:00,404
and an "archtraitor"

1123
00:54:00,605 --> 00:54:02,539
of the rights
of humanity."

1124
00:54:02,540 --> 00:54:04,775
"If we don't finish
with that man

1125
00:54:04,976 --> 00:54:06,644
"before spring,

1126
00:54:06,844 --> 00:54:08,578
"will become
in the most formidable enemy

1127
00:54:08,579 --> 00:54:10,780
"from North America.

1128
00:54:10,781 --> 00:54:12,950
"Your strength will increase
just like a snowball

1129
00:54:13,351 --> 00:54:15,753
"which rolls faster and faster.

1130
00:54:15,953 --> 00:54:19,723
"Nothing less than depriving him
of life or liberty

1131
00:54:19,724 --> 00:54:21,726
will restore peace to Virginia."

1132
00:54:21,926 --> 00:54:23,594
George Washington.

1133
00:54:23,794 --> 00:54:25,895
Scores of fugitives
were captured

1134
00:54:25,896 --> 00:54:28,665
and received brutal punishments.

1135
00:54:28,666 --> 00:54:30,433
Some were killed
and others sold

1136
00:54:30,434 --> 00:54:32,637
to compensate their owners.

1137
00:54:32,837 --> 00:54:34,472
But about 800 men

1138
00:54:34,672 --> 00:54:38,408
they managed to arrive
to Dunmore's fleet,

1139
00:54:38,409 --> 00:54:42,012
along with almost the same amount
of women and children.

1140
00:54:42,013 --> 00:54:43,781
Men fit to serve

1141
00:54:43,981 --> 00:54:45,949
were listed
in a special unit

1142
00:54:45,950 --> 00:54:49,386
called "Regiment
Dunmore's Ethiopian.

1143
00:54:49,387 --> 00:54:53,024
Their commanders
They were white men,

1144
00:54:53,424 --> 00:54:57,494
but for the first time in his life
They received a salary.

1145
00:54:57,495 --> 00:55:01,766
"The proclamation
It had a wonderful effect.

1146
00:55:01,966 --> 00:55:05,503
"The blacks come in hordes
from all districts.

1147
00:55:05,703 --> 00:55:08,039
"And if I had
a few more men,

1148
00:55:08,439 --> 00:55:10,841
"I would leave immediately
to Williamsburg,

1149
00:55:11,042 --> 00:55:15,513
with what would soon force
the entire colony to surrender."

1150
00:55:15,713 --> 00:55:19,315
Lord Dunmore.

1151
00:55:19,316 --> 00:55:20,917
Driven
for the reinforcements,

1152
00:55:20,918 --> 00:55:23,687
Dunmore occupied Norfolk

1153
00:55:23,688 --> 00:55:26,524
and ordered it to be built
a palisade on the Great Bridge

1154
00:55:26,724 --> 00:55:29,059
that passed over
from the Elizabeth River

1155
00:55:29,060 --> 00:55:31,862
to block the only way
to the people from the South.

1156
00:55:32,063 --> 00:55:35,999
About 700 patriots
They dug on the other side of the river

1157
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:39,837
and, on December 9, 1775,

1158
00:55:40,037 --> 00:55:41,938
when Dunmore's troops
They attacked across the bridge

1159
00:55:41,939 --> 00:55:43,874
to expel them,

1160
00:55:44,075 --> 00:55:47,578
more than a hundred of his men,
black and white,

1161
00:55:47,778 --> 00:55:50,880
They were killed.

1162
00:55:50,881 --> 00:55:53,818
"They fought, they bled
and they died like Englishmen,"

1163
00:55:54,018 --> 00:55:55,920
one man recalled.

1164
00:55:56,120 --> 00:55:58,856
the army
Dunmore improvised,

1165
00:55:59,056 --> 00:56:01,625
including what was left
of the Ethiopian regiment,

1166
00:56:01,826 --> 00:56:04,527
He fled towards the sea.

1167
00:56:04,528 --> 00:56:07,464
Dozens left with them.
of loyal Norfolk families

1168
00:56:07,465 --> 00:56:08,866
and nearby places,

1169
00:56:09,066 --> 00:56:12,770
mostly scots,
Like Dunmore.

1170
00:56:12,970 --> 00:56:16,106
Now I was in charge
of a floating city,

1171
00:56:16,107 --> 00:56:18,142
which included rafts
in which the poorest

1172
00:56:18,542 --> 00:56:22,078
They were fighting to survive.

1173
00:56:22,079 --> 00:56:24,681
Christopher Brown:
Dunmore's Proclamation

1174
00:56:24,682 --> 00:56:26,650
turned the conflict
in Virginia

1175
00:56:26,851 --> 00:56:29,819
in a real crisis.

1176
00:56:29,820 --> 00:56:33,790
But it also clarified
the differences, right?

1177
00:56:33,791 --> 00:56:37,393
Establishes that one of the sides
in this conflict

1178
00:56:37,394 --> 00:56:39,095
is committed
with slavery

1179
00:56:39,096 --> 00:56:41,631
unevenly.

1180
00:56:41,632 --> 00:56:44,434
And then we have the other side,
our side,

1181
00:56:44,435 --> 00:56:46,403
which is completely
committed to her.

1182
00:56:46,604 --> 00:56:48,404
For some patriots,

1183
00:56:48,405 --> 00:56:50,641
that is
everything you need to know.

1184
00:56:50,841 --> 00:56:52,442
Generate the sensation

1185
00:56:52,443 --> 00:56:53,911
that this
It's an existential conflict.

1186
00:56:54,111 --> 00:56:57,882
in a way
that it wasn't before.

1187
00:56:58,082 --> 00:57:02,719
"These lords of themselves,
these kings of me,

1188
00:57:02,720 --> 00:57:05,890
"these demigods
of independence.

1189
00:57:06,090 --> 00:57:08,024
"It has been proposed to release
to the slaves,

1190
00:57:08,025 --> 00:57:09,860
"something that, without a doubt,

1191
00:57:10,060 --> 00:57:13,863
"can only praise
lovers of freedom.

1192
00:57:13,864 --> 00:57:16,833
"How come the screams
more strident for freedom

1193
00:57:16,834 --> 00:57:20,069
come from those who
"Do they whip black people?"

1194
00:57:20,070 --> 00:57:22,940
Dr. Samuel Johnson.

1195
00:57:29,847 --> 00:57:31,615
"Connecticut

1196
00:57:31,816 --> 00:57:34,685
"no man wants
of Massachusetts on his body.

1197
00:57:34,885 --> 00:57:36,520
"Massachusetts believes
that there is no need

1198
00:57:36,720 --> 00:57:40,089
"to include someone
of Rhode Island in his.

1199
00:57:40,090 --> 00:57:42,526
"If I could have foreseen
what I have experienced

1200
00:57:42,726 --> 00:57:44,894
"and what perhaps awaits me,

1201
00:57:44,895 --> 00:57:46,930
"nothing on this planet
I would have been convinced

1202
00:57:46,931 --> 00:57:49,165
to accept this command".

1203
00:57:49,166 --> 00:57:51,734
George Washington.

1204
00:57:51,735 --> 00:57:53,537
Now for the first time

1205
00:57:53,737 --> 00:57:55,072
George Washington faced
the problem

1206
00:57:55,472 --> 00:57:58,775
that was chasing him
over and over again.

1207
00:57:58,776 --> 00:58:00,677
When the period
enlistment expired

1208
00:58:00,678 --> 00:58:02,612
at the end of the year,

1209
00:58:02,613 --> 00:58:06,684
most of his army
it just disappeared.

1210
00:58:06,884 --> 00:58:08,953
To strengthen their ranks,
Washington persuaded

1211
00:58:09,153 --> 00:58:10,887
to the governors
from Massachusetts

1212
00:58:10,888 --> 00:58:12,156
and New Hampshire

1213
00:58:12,590 --> 00:58:16,893
so that they would send him
5,000 militiamen.

1214
00:58:16,894 --> 00:58:19,128
The newcomers
They were so sullen,

1215
00:58:19,129 --> 00:58:20,564
that veteran soldiers

1216
00:58:20,764 --> 00:58:23,967
they called them
"bad-faced men."

1217
00:58:23,968 --> 00:58:25,803
Washington asked
to Congress

1218
00:58:26,003 --> 00:58:27,537
if I could have
indigenous units

1219
00:58:27,538 --> 00:58:29,239
in his army.

1220
00:58:29,240 --> 00:58:31,007
Although it generated debate,

1221
00:58:31,008 --> 00:58:35,646
many indigenous
They joined their ranks.

1222
00:58:35,846 --> 00:58:38,248
five children
of a mohegan woman

1223
00:58:38,249 --> 00:58:40,650
called Rebecca Tanner

1224
00:58:40,651 --> 00:58:42,887
they died fighting
for the patriots

1225
00:58:43,087 --> 00:58:44,989
during the war.

1226
00:58:48,525 --> 00:58:50,994
In December,
Washington changed his mind

1227
00:58:50,995 --> 00:58:54,198
about enlisting African Americans.

1228
00:58:54,598 --> 00:58:57,868
In part it was due to his urgent
need for men,

1229
00:58:58,068 --> 00:59:00,970
but also to the call
from the same black veterans

1230
00:59:00,971 --> 00:59:03,573
or his officers.

1231
00:59:03,574 --> 00:59:06,043
Washington wrote
to the Continental Congress:

1232
00:59:06,243 --> 00:59:08,211
"I have been informed
that free blacks

1233
00:59:08,212 --> 00:59:10,714
who have served in this army

1234
00:59:10,915 --> 00:59:15,285
they feel very dissatisfied
for having been discarded".

1235
00:59:15,286 --> 00:59:17,655
They could now enlist again.

1236
00:59:19,857 --> 00:59:21,991
Jane Kamensky: Washington
came to cambridge

1237
00:59:21,992 --> 00:59:25,194
with the "resolute no"
from a Virginia planter.

1238
00:59:25,195 --> 00:59:28,131
But he is also willing
to change,

1239
00:59:28,132 --> 00:59:31,735
{\an8}to think about all the strength
potential combat

1240
00:59:31,936 --> 00:59:33,836
{\an8}what if black men

1241
00:59:33,837 --> 00:59:36,206
{\an8}can play a role in that.

1242
00:59:36,607 --> 00:59:39,944
I think that many people,
most people

1243
00:59:40,144 --> 00:59:41,844
of his social position,

1244
00:59:41,845 --> 00:59:43,680
they would have started where he started

1245
00:59:43,681 --> 00:59:45,749
and they would have stayed there.

1246
00:59:45,950 --> 00:59:49,585
So I think that as a commander
had some flexibility,

1247
00:59:49,586 --> 00:59:51,988
which is the only thing
What can the commander have?

1248
00:59:51,989 --> 00:59:55,925
of a revolutionary force.

1249
00:59:55,926 --> 00:59:58,728
Although the decision
was always unpopular,

1250
00:59:58,729 --> 01:00:02,299
at the end of the war,
about 5,000 African Americans

1251
01:00:02,700 --> 01:00:05,803
had served
in the Continental Army.

1252
01:00:07,705 --> 01:00:09,106
{\an8}Vincent Brown:
Many of the decisions

1253
01:00:09,306 --> 01:00:11,241
{\an8}about who to fight for,

1254
01:00:11,642 --> 01:00:12,977
{\an8}with whom to align,

1255
01:00:13,177 --> 01:00:15,144
{\an8}they are deeply local.

1256
01:00:15,145 --> 01:00:16,180
Not necessarily
they have to see

1257
01:00:16,380 --> 01:00:19,149
with great ideals, right?

1258
01:00:19,350 --> 01:00:21,317
So when people believe
that there is an opportunity

1259
01:00:21,318 --> 01:00:23,253
with the British,

1260
01:00:23,654 --> 01:00:26,823
they may align with them
and flee to the British lines.

1261
01:00:26,824 --> 01:00:29,025
But when the patriot army
in a way

1262
01:00:29,026 --> 01:00:32,029
opened its ranks to blacks,

1263
01:00:32,229 --> 01:00:34,865
many of the blacks
They thought they could get

1264
01:00:35,065 --> 01:00:39,135
advantages, concessions and even
someday, certain status,

1265
01:00:39,136 --> 01:00:41,704
for fighting
together with the patriots.

1266
01:00:41,705 --> 01:00:44,640
It's not about who they are
the good and the bad.

1267
01:00:44,641 --> 01:00:48,112
It's about what can I get
for making this decision, now,

1268
01:00:48,312 --> 01:00:52,783
in this place, in this moment,
with these people.

1269
01:00:52,983 --> 01:00:55,386
The new army
from Washington,

1270
01:00:55,786 --> 01:00:57,054
a mix of soldiers
of all kinds

1271
01:00:57,254 --> 01:00:59,188
who had decided to stay,

1272
01:00:59,189 --> 01:01:01,392
rookies and temporary militiamen,

1273
01:01:01,792 --> 01:01:06,397
now it was almost
to the 8,000 men.

1274
01:01:06,797 --> 01:01:10,367
But only two thirds
They were fit to serve.

1275
01:01:10,768 --> 01:01:13,102
those men
They were still cold,

1276
01:01:13,103 --> 01:01:16,239
They were not well armed,
They were underpaid

1277
01:01:16,240 --> 01:01:18,108
but they still continued
keeping the british

1278
01:01:18,308 --> 01:01:22,678
Stuck in Boston.

1279
01:01:22,679 --> 01:01:25,014
"There may not be
a case like ours

1280
01:01:25,015 --> 01:01:27,383
"in the annals of history.

1281
01:01:27,384 --> 01:01:31,021
"It is very likely that we will never
tried to maintain

1282
01:01:31,221 --> 01:01:32,455
"a post attached to a shot
enemy's musket

1283
01:01:32,456 --> 01:01:34,424
"for six months,
without gunpowder,

1284
01:01:34,425 --> 01:01:39,028
"and at the same time dissolve
one army and recruit another,

1285
01:01:39,029 --> 01:01:45,869
being close to about twenty
British regiments.

1286
01:01:46,070 --> 01:01:48,739
George Washington.

1287
01:01:51,809 --> 01:01:53,243
"The estimates
more conservative

1288
01:01:53,444 --> 01:01:56,346
"indicate that this rebellion
it will cost Britain

1289
01:01:56,747 --> 01:02:01,250
"ten million pounds
and twenty thousand lives.

1290
01:02:01,251 --> 01:02:03,320
"So, in the name of heaven,

1291
01:02:03,720 --> 01:02:06,456
"what is the goal
of war?

1292
01:02:06,457 --> 01:02:08,959
"Are we going to waste
so much money and so many lives

1293
01:02:09,159 --> 01:02:12,261
"to prove a point that,
when so be it,

1294
01:02:12,262 --> 01:02:16,934
It won't be worth even one percent.
of our money?"

1295
01:02:17,134 --> 01:02:20,470
Maya Jasanoff: In Parliament
British there were several debates.

1296
01:02:20,471 --> 01:02:24,173
There are people who leaned
to the side and said,

1297
01:02:24,174 --> 01:02:26,844
"we should give them
more autonomy to the colonies.

1298
01:02:27,044 --> 01:02:29,378
{\an8}We must make more flexible
the limitations

1299
01:02:29,379 --> 01:02:30,447
{\an8}that we have imposed on him.

1300
01:02:30,848 --> 01:02:32,249
{\an8}We must think of ways

1301
01:02:32,449 --> 01:02:35,017
{\an8}in which they can
have representation."

1302
01:02:35,018 --> 01:02:38,020
The war
in North America

1303
01:02:38,021 --> 01:02:40,824
did not have a popularity
universal in England.

1304
01:02:41,024 --> 01:02:43,426
The colonies
They were 3,000 miles away.

1305
01:02:43,427 --> 01:02:45,362
The scene of war
it would be much bigger

1306
01:02:45,762 --> 01:02:46,864
that anyone

1307
01:02:47,064 --> 01:02:48,031
in which there was
fought before

1308
01:02:48,232 --> 01:02:50,234
the british army.

1309
01:02:50,434 --> 01:02:52,168
It would surely be expensive,

1310
01:02:52,169 --> 01:02:54,972
bloody
and probably prolonged.

1311
01:02:55,172 --> 01:02:57,174
The head of the army
and the naval commander

1312
01:02:57,374 --> 01:02:59,475
most distinguished in England

1313
01:02:59,476 --> 01:03:03,180
they refused to participate
in the war.

1314
01:03:03,380 --> 01:03:06,116
The mayor and councilors
from the city of London

1315
01:03:06,316 --> 01:03:09,520
they asked the king
to reconsider.

1316
01:03:09,920 --> 01:03:11,921
It was much better
give to the Americans

1317
01:03:11,922 --> 01:03:15,125
their "rights and freedoms",
they stated,

1318
01:03:15,325 --> 01:03:16,560
than imposing "the terrible
operations

1319
01:03:16,960 --> 01:03:19,795
of its military power".

1320
01:03:19,796 --> 01:03:22,566
But the new secretary
of state for America,

1321
01:03:22,966 --> 01:03:25,334
Lord George Germain,

1322
01:03:25,335 --> 01:03:28,105
remained determined
to crush the rebellion,

1323
01:03:28,305 --> 01:03:32,041
and to do it with a single
forceful campaign.

1324
01:03:32,042 --> 01:03:33,577
If the war dragged on,

1325
01:03:33,977 --> 01:03:35,846
King George himself

1326
01:03:36,046 --> 01:03:38,548
feared that former enemies
Catholics of Great Britain,

1327
01:03:38,549 --> 01:03:40,383
France and Spain

1328
01:03:40,384 --> 01:03:43,954
they will end up supporting
the rebel cause.

1329
01:03:46,089 --> 01:03:48,157
"The rebel war
that is now free

1330
01:03:48,158 --> 01:03:50,092
"has become more general

1331
01:03:50,093 --> 01:03:52,930
"and obviously
is carried out with the objective

1332
01:03:53,130 --> 01:03:55,932
"to establish
an independent empire.

1333
01:03:55,933 --> 01:03:58,234
"The objective
It's too important,

1334
01:03:58,235 --> 01:03:59,970
"the spirit
of the british nation

1335
01:04:00,170 --> 01:04:02,138
"too high

1336
01:04:02,139 --> 01:04:04,607
"and the resources
with which God has blessed her

1337
01:04:04,608 --> 01:04:07,410
"There are too many
how to give up

1338
01:04:07,411 --> 01:04:10,613
"to so many colonies
which he has planted with great care,

1339
01:04:10,614 --> 01:04:12,481
"who has cared so lovingly

1340
01:04:12,482 --> 01:04:15,051
"and protected and defended
at a high cost

1341
01:04:15,052 --> 01:04:17,054
of blood and money."

1342
01:04:17,254 --> 01:04:19,189
George III.

1343
01:04:19,389 --> 01:04:21,291
Rick Atkinson: King George
He was not an ogre.

1344
01:04:21,491 --> 01:04:23,227
He was not a tyrant.

1345
01:04:23,427 --> 01:04:25,128
{\an8}Unlike the stereotype

1346
01:04:25,329 --> 01:04:28,065
{\an8}that most of the
Americans have of him,

1347
01:04:28,265 --> 01:04:32,068
{\an8}in fact he was a man
quite extraordinary.

1348
01:04:32,069 --> 01:04:35,404
Stephen Conway: He was a monarch
very good constitutional.

1349
01:04:35,405 --> 01:04:38,975
In fact, in 1775 he declared:

1350
01:04:38,976 --> 01:04:42,112
"I'm waging war
of the legislature."

1351
01:04:42,312 --> 01:04:44,013
In other words,
I was fighting

1352
01:04:44,014 --> 01:04:46,048
for the rights of Parliament

1353
01:04:46,049 --> 01:04:48,352
about the colonies
North Americans.

1354
01:04:48,552 --> 01:04:51,254
{\an8}Not for your rights,
but by those of Parliament.

1355
01:04:51,255 --> 01:04:53,123
{\an8}But when the war started,

1356
01:04:53,323 --> 01:04:55,892
{\an8}he saw himself
as commander in chief

1357
01:04:56,093 --> 01:05:00,430
ensuring that this war
was effective.

1358
01:05:00,631 --> 01:05:03,332
The British Army
It was the largest in the world,

1359
01:05:03,333 --> 01:05:04,533
but the british army,

1360
01:05:04,534 --> 01:05:06,536
made up only of volunteers,

1361
01:05:06,937 --> 01:05:09,472
in theory it counted
with less than 50,000 officers

1362
01:05:09,473 --> 01:05:11,140
and soldiers.

1363
01:05:11,141 --> 01:05:13,010
actually
It was much smaller,

1364
01:05:13,210 --> 01:05:15,979
only a third
of the French army,

1365
01:05:16,179 --> 01:05:18,047
and spread throughout the world,

1366
01:05:18,048 --> 01:05:19,983
from Ireland to India,

1367
01:05:20,183 --> 01:05:23,152
from the Mediterranean
to the Caribbean.

1368
01:05:23,153 --> 01:05:27,323
An officer warned: "Unless
let the redcoats rain,

1369
01:05:27,324 --> 01:05:29,459
I don't know how we will do
to get

1370
01:05:29,660 --> 01:05:31,661
everything we want."

1371
01:05:31,662 --> 01:05:34,464
Joseph Ellis: The British
they should have realized

1372
01:05:34,665 --> 01:05:37,000
that it would be a conflict
extremely difficult

1373
01:05:37,200 --> 01:05:39,402
{\an8}and perhaps impossible to win.

1374
01:05:39,403 --> 01:05:42,204
{\an8}They were sure of two things:

1375
01:05:42,205 --> 01:05:44,441
{\an8}his military power was invincible,

1376
01:05:44,641 --> 01:05:47,678
Therefore, they did not have
the need to give in.

1377
01:05:48,078 --> 01:05:49,379
And second,

1378
01:05:49,579 --> 01:05:52,615
that any commitment
about sovereignty,

1379
01:05:52,616 --> 01:05:55,418
the sovereignty of Parliament,

1380
01:05:55,419 --> 01:05:56,953
I would urge independence

1381
01:05:57,154 --> 01:05:59,556
by part
of the Americans.

1382
01:05:59,956 --> 01:06:02,326
They had a kind
of "domino" theory:

1383
01:06:02,526 --> 01:06:04,328
if they lost
the North American colonies,

1384
01:06:04,528 --> 01:06:06,262
then they would lose Canada

1385
01:06:06,263 --> 01:06:08,197
and then the Caribbean.

1386
01:06:08,198 --> 01:06:10,232
So George III
and his ministers

1387
01:06:10,233 --> 01:06:12,436
they are convinced
that what was at stake

1388
01:06:12,636 --> 01:06:15,305
It was nothing less than the future
of the British Empire.

1389
01:06:21,511 --> 01:06:23,112
"Our commander,
Arnold,

1390
01:06:23,113 --> 01:06:25,481
"He was an extraordinary person.

1391
01:06:25,482 --> 01:06:27,517
"Brave
and loved by the soldiers,

1392
01:06:27,718 --> 01:06:31,020
had a power of persuasion
impressive."

1393
01:06:31,021 --> 01:06:33,690
Private John Joseph Henry.

1394
01:06:36,026 --> 01:06:38,127
Benedict Arnold
and his men

1395
01:06:38,128 --> 01:06:40,663
they progressed slowly
on the way to the Kennebec River

1396
01:06:40,664 --> 01:06:45,568
as part of the invasion
from the colonies to Canada.

1397
01:06:45,569 --> 01:06:49,338
They had packed their supplies
in 220 flat bottom boats

1398
01:06:49,339 --> 01:06:54,211
built for them
by order of George Washington.

1399
01:06:54,411 --> 01:06:56,312
The only thing Arnold knew
over the forests

1400
01:06:56,313 --> 01:06:58,648
into which they would enter
his men

1401
01:06:59,049 --> 01:07:02,618
It was thanks to a British map
from 15 years ago

1402
01:07:02,619 --> 01:07:06,022
which seemed to indicate
that Quebec City

1403
01:07:06,223 --> 01:07:08,625
It was 180 miles away.

1404
01:07:09,025 --> 01:07:13,629
and that they could get there
in just 20 days.

1405
01:07:13,630 --> 01:07:18,768
The actual distance was
be 270 miles.

1406
01:07:18,769 --> 01:07:22,038
Nothing could have prepared
to Arnold for the ordeal

1407
01:07:22,239 --> 01:07:26,209
that he and his men
they were about to suffer.

1408
01:07:26,410 --> 01:07:31,647
The Kennebec turned out to be full
of waterfalls and rapids.

1409
01:07:31,648 --> 01:07:34,518
submerged rocks
They tore the bottom of the boats.

1410
01:07:34,718 --> 01:07:38,187
In 72 hours,
a quarter of their provisions

1411
01:07:38,188 --> 01:07:41,624
They were lost or ruined.

1412
01:07:41,625 --> 01:07:43,760
A man wrote
that in the mornings,

1413
01:07:44,161 --> 01:07:47,230
wet clothes
They were covered in ice

1414
01:07:47,431 --> 01:07:49,366
thick as a sheet of glass.

1415
01:07:49,566 --> 01:07:51,801
On the tenth day,

1416
01:07:51,802 --> 01:07:55,237
Arnold began rationing
the food that was left,

1417
01:07:55,238 --> 01:07:58,508
just bacon and flour.

1418
01:07:58,708 --> 01:08:01,478
On the 19th it snowed

1419
01:08:01,678 --> 01:08:04,280
and then it rained
relentlessly

1420
01:08:04,281 --> 01:08:06,415
for days.

1421
01:08:06,416 --> 01:08:10,387
Then it snowed again.

1422
01:08:10,587 --> 01:08:12,321
Nathaniel Philbrick:
The Americas

1423
01:08:12,322 --> 01:08:14,724
They are an immense continent.

1424
01:08:15,125 --> 01:08:19,261
There are tornadoes, hurricanes,
snow storms.

1425
01:08:19,262 --> 01:08:21,664
Climate changes
that today we predict

1426
01:08:21,665 --> 01:08:24,433
weeks in advance

1427
01:08:24,434 --> 01:08:29,873
they whipped people
of the 18th century by surprise.

1428
01:08:30,273 --> 01:08:32,542
They weren't just fighting each other.

1429
01:08:32,742 --> 01:08:34,610
{\an8}In a profound way,

1430
01:08:34,611 --> 01:08:36,879
{\an8}they are fighting the climate
from North America,

1431
01:08:36,880 --> 01:08:39,648
{\an8}its geography and topography.

1432
01:08:39,649 --> 01:08:43,286
It is a complex place
to wage a war.

1433
01:08:46,556 --> 01:08:48,825
after a month
of hardships,

1434
01:08:49,226 --> 01:08:50,459
the officer who led
the battalion

1435
01:08:50,460 --> 01:08:52,294
that closed the march,

1436
01:08:52,295 --> 01:08:54,831
declared that it was
a suicide mission,

1437
01:08:55,232 --> 01:08:57,200
turned around
with his 300 men

1438
01:08:57,400 --> 01:08:59,335
and returned home

1439
01:08:59,336 --> 01:09:02,305
with many of the provisions
that were left.

1440
01:09:05,208 --> 01:09:07,143
Arnold's Men
then they were forced

1441
01:09:07,344 --> 01:09:09,379
to survive with candles,

1442
01:09:09,579 --> 01:09:13,249
tree bark and boiled soup
of rawhide.

1443
01:09:13,250 --> 01:09:15,352
A company killed the dog
from your captain's Newfoundland

1444
01:09:15,552 --> 01:09:17,487
and ate it.

1445
01:09:19,422 --> 01:09:21,191
Of the 1,100
who left Cambridge,

1446
01:09:21,391 --> 01:09:23,927
More than half were returned,

1447
01:09:24,327 --> 01:09:27,196
were escorted home
as invalids

1448
01:09:27,197 --> 01:09:28,899
or died on the way.

1449
01:09:32,402 --> 01:09:36,839
Finally, 45 days later
of having left, and not 20,

1450
01:09:36,840 --> 01:09:38,542
Arnold's men
they saw the towers and walls

1451
01:09:38,742 --> 01:09:41,244
from Quebec City

1452
01:09:41,444 --> 01:09:44,613
that stood on the other side
of the Saint Lawrence River.

1453
01:09:44,614 --> 01:09:46,783
Nathaniel Philbrick: Nobody,
especially the British,

1454
01:09:47,183 --> 01:09:49,553
could believe
that suddenly they were there.

1455
01:09:49,753 --> 01:09:52,321
after this
Arnold earned his reputation.

1456
01:09:52,322 --> 01:09:55,357
became known
like the "American Hannibal"

1457
01:09:55,358 --> 01:09:57,760
for its ability
to take his men

1458
01:09:57,761 --> 01:10:02,398
for mountains and to achieve things
that seem impossible.

1459
01:10:02,399 --> 01:10:06,201
Meanwhile,
the american forces

1460
01:10:06,202 --> 01:10:07,369
led
by General Montgomery

1461
01:10:07,370 --> 01:10:09,673
they had taken Montreal
easily.

1462
01:10:09,873 --> 01:10:12,409
So Montgomery
and 300 of his men

1463
01:10:12,609 --> 01:10:13,777
they left along
of the Saint Lawrence River

1464
01:10:13,977 --> 01:10:17,379
to meet Arnold.

1465
01:10:17,380 --> 01:10:21,785
Together, they planned the attack
to Quebec City.

1466
01:10:21,985 --> 01:10:23,587
Rick Atkinson: They realized

1467
01:10:23,787 --> 01:10:25,955
what they had to take
a difficult decision.

1468
01:10:25,956 --> 01:10:27,690
Or they attacked at that moment,

1469
01:10:27,691 --> 01:10:30,326
or many of his men
they would leave

1470
01:10:30,327 --> 01:10:32,495
Your enlistments
They had expired.

1471
01:10:32,696 --> 01:10:33,863
They were cold.

1472
01:10:34,297 --> 01:10:36,566
In Canada they were
in the middle of winter.

1473
01:10:38,868 --> 01:10:40,604
in the city
fortified

1474
01:10:40,804 --> 01:10:43,639
there were only bets
about 300 British soldiers.

1475
01:10:43,640 --> 01:10:46,276
So,
General Guy Carleton,

1476
01:10:46,476 --> 01:10:48,444
royal governor of Canada,

1477
01:10:48,445 --> 01:10:50,313
ordered all healthy men

1478
01:10:50,513 --> 01:10:54,316
within its walls
prepare for battle.

1479
01:10:54,317 --> 01:10:55,652
Whoever refused,
would have to go

1480
01:10:55,852 --> 01:10:58,654
or he would be accused of espionage.

1481
01:10:58,655 --> 01:11:02,359
Soon, 1,800 men
They protected the walls

1482
01:11:02,559 --> 01:11:04,961
of the city.

1483
01:11:05,362 --> 01:11:07,697
The American plan
required two small

1484
01:11:07,897 --> 01:11:10,299
and noisy maneuvers
of distraction

1485
01:11:10,300 --> 01:11:11,635
to ward off the defenders

1486
01:11:11,835 --> 01:11:15,471
of the true objectives
of the attack.

1487
01:11:15,472 --> 01:11:17,407
At the same time,
Arnold and his men

1488
01:11:17,607 --> 01:11:20,677
They would surround Quebec City
from the north,

1489
01:11:20,877 --> 01:11:24,380
while General Montgomery
He was approaching from the south.

1490
01:11:24,381 --> 01:11:26,815
Together they would attack
the steep walls

1491
01:11:26,816 --> 01:11:28,918
of the citadel.

1492
01:11:31,488 --> 01:11:34,690
"Dear father:
If you receive this letter,

1493
01:11:34,691 --> 01:11:38,594
"it will be the last one I write to you
with this hand.

1494
01:11:38,595 --> 01:11:41,330
"Only God knows
What will be my destiny?

1495
01:11:41,331 --> 01:11:43,499
"But no matter what it is,

1496
01:11:43,500 --> 01:11:45,802
"I can't resist
the need that I feel

1497
01:11:46,002 --> 01:11:48,804
"to assure you that I do not feel
any reluctance

1498
01:11:48,805 --> 01:11:51,908
"to risk a life
which I consider borrowed

1499
01:11:52,308 --> 01:11:55,045
"and to be used
when my country needs it.

1500
01:11:55,445 --> 01:12:00,650
Your son who loves you so much,
John MacPherson."

1501
01:12:04,854 --> 01:12:07,090
"It was a terrible storm.

1502
01:12:07,490 --> 01:12:08,858
"We ran in single file

1503
01:12:09,025 --> 01:12:11,393
"while we covered
the safety of our weapon

1504
01:12:11,394 --> 01:12:15,064
with the lapel of the jacket
and with his head bowed."

1505
01:12:15,065 --> 01:12:18,468
John Joseph Henry.

1506
01:12:18,668 --> 01:12:21,003
The Americans
they launched their attack

1507
01:12:21,004 --> 01:12:25,641
at four in the morning
of December 31, 1775,

1508
01:12:25,642 --> 01:12:28,478
under the cover of a storm
tremendous snow.

1509
01:12:28,678 --> 01:12:30,547
Many men had
put in the hat

1510
01:12:30,747 --> 01:12:34,516
pieces of paper that said
"freedom or death."

1511
01:12:34,517 --> 01:12:36,886
boom bang!

1512
01:12:37,087 --> 01:12:40,823
Everything went wrong.

1513
01:12:40,824 --> 01:12:43,559
Distraction maneuvers
They didn't fool anyone.

1514
01:12:43,560 --> 01:12:44,928
Arnold's Men

1515
01:12:45,128 --> 01:12:46,862
were left
under relentless fire

1516
01:12:46,863 --> 01:12:49,064
from the upper walls

1517
01:12:49,065 --> 01:12:51,101
and the enemy had located
formidable barricades

1518
01:12:51,501 --> 01:12:54,604
on his way.

1519
01:12:54,804 --> 01:12:56,505
When a bullet fragment
bounced

1520
01:12:56,506 --> 01:12:58,841
and crossed him
the left leg,

1521
01:12:58,842 --> 01:13:01,911
Arnold had to be taken
back to camp.

1522
01:13:02,112 --> 01:13:05,647
Captain Daniel Morgan
of Virginia assumed command.

1523
01:13:05,648 --> 01:13:08,852
He managed to guide his men
through a barricade

1524
01:13:09,052 --> 01:13:12,387
only to meet another.

1525
01:13:12,388 --> 01:13:15,157
He tried to climb it four times,

1526
01:13:15,158 --> 01:13:18,527
but then he decided to wait
because Montgomery and his men

1527
01:13:18,528 --> 01:13:20,730
They will go through it.

1528
01:13:22,465 --> 01:13:24,868
But Montgomery never arrived.

1529
01:13:27,771 --> 01:13:30,906
shortly after
to enter the city,

1530
01:13:30,907 --> 01:13:33,509
he, John Macpherson

1531
01:13:33,510 --> 01:13:37,013
and eleven more soldiers
They were killed.

1532
01:13:37,413 --> 01:13:38,882
"The enemy,

1533
01:13:39,082 --> 01:13:40,884
"with the advantage
to have the land in front,

1534
01:13:41,084 --> 01:13:43,185
"a tremendous
numerical superiority

1535
01:13:43,186 --> 01:13:47,757
"and dry and better weapons,
He attacked with overwhelming power.

1536
01:13:47,957 --> 01:13:50,827
"About nine in the morning
it became evident

1537
01:13:51,027 --> 01:13:52,829
that we had to surrender."

1538
01:13:53,029 --> 01:13:56,698
John Joseph Henry.

1539
01:13:56,699 --> 01:13:59,701
thirty
Americans lay dead.

1540
01:13:59,702 --> 01:14:02,739
389 were taken
like prisoners,

1541
01:14:02,939 --> 01:14:06,176
including Daniel Morgan.

1542
01:14:06,576 --> 01:14:09,178
Arnold, although he was injured
of gravity,

1543
01:14:09,179 --> 01:14:12,849
He was not captured and swore to try
take the city again

1544
01:14:13,049 --> 01:14:16,653
before reinforcements arrived.

1545
01:14:16,853 --> 01:14:18,520
"I have no intention
to abandon

1546
01:14:18,521 --> 01:14:20,022
"this proud city

1547
01:14:20,023 --> 01:14:23,026
"until I enter it
triumphant.

1548
01:14:23,226 --> 01:14:25,094
"The Providence
that has accompanied me

1549
01:14:25,495 --> 01:14:28,932
during so many dangers,
"He continues to protect me."

1550
01:14:29,132 --> 01:14:31,734
Benedict Arnold.

1551
01:14:38,007 --> 01:14:40,175
"I become more and more convinced

1552
01:14:40,176 --> 01:14:42,544
"that the man
It is a dangerous creature,

1553
01:14:42,545 --> 01:14:43,979
"and that the power,

1554
01:14:43,980 --> 01:14:45,681
"conferred upon many
or a few,

1555
01:14:45,682 --> 01:14:47,217
"He is always ambitious,

1556
01:14:47,617 --> 01:14:51,688
"and like the grave,
He shouts, 'give me, give me.'

1557
01:14:51,888 --> 01:14:54,223
"They talk to me
of the degrees of perfection

1558
01:14:54,224 --> 01:14:57,793
"that can reach
human nature, and I believe it,

1559
01:14:57,794 --> 01:15:00,930
"but at the same time
I regret that our admiration

1560
01:15:01,130 --> 01:15:05,735
"is due to the shortage
of examples.

1561
01:15:05,935 --> 01:15:08,805
"When I analyze it,
destiny worries me

1562
01:15:09,005 --> 01:15:12,040
"of our monarchy,
or democracy,

1563
01:15:12,041 --> 01:15:14,910
or whatever is established."

1564
01:15:14,911 --> 01:15:16,846
Abigail Adams.

1565
01:15:19,249 --> 01:15:22,685
In the day
of the New Year of 1776,

1566
01:15:22,886 --> 01:15:24,954
George Washington ordered
let a new flag be raised

1567
01:15:25,154 --> 01:15:27,724
of the "Continental Union"
in the upper part

1568
01:15:27,924 --> 01:15:31,160
from Prospect Hill
overlooking busy Boston.

1569
01:15:31,561 --> 01:15:32,896
The British flag

1570
01:15:33,096 --> 01:15:35,530
was still in the corner
top left.

1571
01:15:35,531 --> 01:15:37,900
But as he said,

1572
01:15:37,901 --> 01:15:40,904
its thirteen stripes
red and white

1573
01:15:41,104 --> 01:15:45,141
were conceived as "a compliment
to the United Colonies".

1574
01:15:45,541 --> 01:15:47,543
except
of the city of Boston,

1575
01:15:47,744 --> 01:15:51,915
the patriots
They already controlled the 13 colonies.

1576
01:15:52,115 --> 01:15:53,850
Various royal governors

1577
01:15:54,050 --> 01:15:56,085
they had fled
to ships on the high seas,

1578
01:15:56,286 --> 01:15:58,221
Just like Dunmore.

1579
01:15:58,621 --> 01:16:02,725
But in the colonies,
people were still very divided.

1580
01:16:02,926 --> 01:16:04,627
Part of the free population

1581
01:16:04,827 --> 01:16:07,562
was in favor
of independence.

1582
01:16:07,563 --> 01:16:11,567
Others were dismayed
to think about breaking with the king.

1583
01:16:11,768 --> 01:16:14,637
A Virginian wrote
to leave Britain

1584
01:16:14,837 --> 01:16:18,774
was to "dissolve the ties
of religion, of oaths,

1585
01:16:18,775 --> 01:16:21,677
of laws, of language,
of blood...

1586
01:16:21,678 --> 01:16:24,614
that keep us together
under the influence

1587
01:16:24,814 --> 01:16:26,915
of a common father."

1588
01:16:26,916 --> 01:16:30,252
Others remained "disaffected",

1589
01:16:30,253 --> 01:16:33,189
without favoring any side

1590
01:16:33,589 --> 01:16:35,658
and they hoped to continue
with your life

1591
01:16:35,858 --> 01:16:37,593
while his compatriots,

1592
01:16:37,794 --> 01:16:40,162
that they suspected
of its neutrality,

1593
01:16:40,163 --> 01:16:43,799
They fought in the war.

1594
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:47,769
But the events
They were changing opinions.

1595
01:16:47,770 --> 01:16:49,705
Annette Gordon-Reed: What
happened in the previous period

1596
01:16:49,706 --> 01:16:51,808
to all this,
made people feel

1597
01:16:52,008 --> 01:16:54,844
that maybe they could use
for themselves.

1598
01:16:55,044 --> 01:16:57,213
{\an8}They were different from people
in Great Britain.

1599
01:16:57,613 --> 01:17:00,849
{\an8}They realized
that they were moving away.

1600
01:17:00,850 --> 01:17:02,751
"If we must
establish

1601
01:17:02,752 --> 01:17:05,387
"an independent government
in North America,

1602
01:17:05,388 --> 01:17:07,390
"a republic will give us solidity,

1603
01:17:07,790 --> 01:17:10,092
"resistance, activity,

1604
01:17:10,093 --> 01:17:13,196
"bravery, strength and drive.

1605
01:17:13,396 --> 01:17:18,200
"But there is so much vileness,
so much venality and corruption,

1606
01:17:18,201 --> 01:17:20,737
"so much greed and ambition,

1607
01:17:20,937 --> 01:17:23,239
"such longings
for money and trade

1608
01:17:23,639 --> 01:17:25,874
"in all classes
and ranks of men,

1609
01:17:25,875 --> 01:17:28,111
"Even in North America,

1610
01:17:28,311 --> 01:17:31,114
"that sometimes I question myself
if public virtue exists

1611
01:17:31,314 --> 01:17:34,649
necessary to sustain
a republic."

1612
01:17:34,650 --> 01:17:37,219
John Adams.

1613
01:17:37,220 --> 01:17:39,222
Alan Taylor: The leaders
of the American Revolution

1614
01:17:39,422 --> 01:17:41,890
They need popular support.

1615
01:17:41,891 --> 01:17:44,159
The leaders
of the American Revolution

1616
01:17:44,160 --> 01:17:45,361
{\an8}they will have to promise

1617
01:17:45,762 --> 01:17:48,163
{\an8}that there will be
greater social mobility,

1618
01:17:48,164 --> 01:17:51,933
{\an8}greater respect
for the common people,

1619
01:17:51,934 --> 01:17:54,970
a political participation
broader future

1620
01:17:54,971 --> 01:17:57,339
than there has been
in the colonial past

1621
01:17:57,340 --> 01:18:00,776
by relaxing the structures
of authority,

1622
01:18:00,777 --> 01:18:03,812
included
those of the religious authority.

1623
01:18:03,813 --> 01:18:06,082
If they carry out a revolution

1624
01:18:06,282 --> 01:18:08,818
and they need the support
of thousands of ordinary people,

1625
01:18:09,018 --> 01:18:11,386
men and women,

1626
01:18:11,387 --> 01:18:14,457
what do they gain?

1627
01:18:14,857 --> 01:18:16,758
Gordon Wood: Until
the 18th century people believed

1628
01:18:16,759 --> 01:18:19,062
that everything would always be the same.

1629
01:18:19,262 --> 01:18:21,064
but the idea
that they could take care of

1630
01:18:21,264 --> 01:18:22,964
and change your culture,

1631
01:18:22,965 --> 01:18:26,268
that was the fundamental basis
of the Enlightenment,

1632
01:18:26,269 --> 01:18:28,905
that man can change.

1633
01:18:31,140 --> 01:18:36,145
"The sun never shined
about a cause of greater value.

1634
01:18:36,345 --> 01:18:40,316
"It is not the business of a city,
a country, a province

1635
01:18:40,716 --> 01:18:44,720
"or a kingdom,
but of a continent.

1636
01:18:44,921 --> 01:18:46,955
"All that is right
or natural

1637
01:18:46,956 --> 01:18:49,891
"advocates separation.

1638
01:18:49,892 --> 01:18:52,260
"Every corner
from the old world

1639
01:18:52,261 --> 01:18:55,163
"are plagued by oppression.

1640
01:18:55,164 --> 01:18:59,367
"Freedom has been persecuted
all over the world.

1641
01:18:59,368 --> 01:19:03,138
"Oh! Let us receive the fugitives
and let's prepare in time

1642
01:19:03,139 --> 01:19:06,142
"a refuge for humanity.

1643
01:19:06,342 --> 01:19:09,946
"We have the power to begin
the world again.

1644
01:19:10,146 --> 01:19:12,881
"A similar situation
to the current

1645
01:19:12,882 --> 01:19:16,118
"had not shown up
since the time of Noah.

1646
01:19:16,119 --> 01:19:20,956
The birth of a new
world is within our reach.

1647
01:19:20,957 --> 01:19:23,025
Thomas Paine.

1648
01:19:23,226 --> 01:19:26,928
On January 9, 1776,

1649
01:19:26,929 --> 01:19:28,897
a pamphlet was published
in Philadelphia

1650
01:19:28,898 --> 01:19:31,434
titled "Common Sense",

1651
01:19:31,834 --> 01:19:33,335
the most important pamphlet

1652
01:19:33,336 --> 01:19:36,771
in history
of the United States.

1653
01:19:36,772 --> 01:19:40,909
It was simply signed
as "an Englishman."

1654
01:19:40,910 --> 01:19:43,879
Its author, a newcomer
to North America,

1655
01:19:43,880 --> 01:19:47,150
It was Thomas Paine, 38 years old.

1656
01:19:47,350 --> 01:19:49,518
Son of a manufacturer
of quaker corsets

1657
01:19:49,519 --> 01:19:51,254
and his Anglican wife,

1658
01:19:51,454 --> 01:19:54,089
Paine failed
in his father's trade,

1659
01:19:54,090 --> 01:19:57,827
lost his first wife
and her son in childbirth,

1660
01:19:58,027 --> 01:20:01,330
was fired
as tax collector,

1661
01:20:01,531 --> 01:20:05,100
suffered the collapse of a
second marriage without children

1662
01:20:05,101 --> 01:20:07,302
and saw how they were auctioned
your belongings

1663
01:20:07,303 --> 01:20:10,238
to pay his debts.

1664
01:20:10,239 --> 01:20:13,242
During his eight-week trip
from Great Britain

1665
01:20:13,442 --> 01:20:14,877
he caught typhus

1666
01:20:15,044 --> 01:20:16,913
and when the ship
came to Philadelphia,

1667
01:20:17,113 --> 01:20:20,550
They had to carry him out carrying him, dying.

1668
01:20:20,950 --> 01:20:24,886
But Paine was a master
with the words

1669
01:20:24,887 --> 01:20:28,324
and skillfully combined the last
Enlightenment philosophy

1670
01:20:28,524 --> 01:20:32,428
with biblical references
that everyone knew.

1671
01:20:32,828 --> 01:20:35,964
And he was a fierce enemy
of the aristocracy

1672
01:20:35,965 --> 01:20:38,333
and the monarchy.

1673
01:20:38,334 --> 01:20:40,101
Stacy Schiff: Certainly.

1674
01:20:40,102 --> 01:20:41,570
it is a document
much more radical

1675
01:20:41,571 --> 01:20:43,505
than his predecessors.

1676
01:20:43,506 --> 01:20:45,474
{\an8}"Common sense"
spread throughout the colonies

1677
01:20:45,875 --> 01:20:47,576
{\an8}like an accelerant.

1678
01:20:47,577 --> 01:20:49,612
Everyone read it.

1679
01:20:50,012 --> 01:20:51,480
In newspapers
of all the colonies

1680
01:20:51,881 --> 01:20:54,983
fragments were published
from "Common Sense."

1681
01:20:54,984 --> 01:20:59,388
The pamphlet sold
tens of thousands of copies.

1682
01:20:59,589 --> 01:21:04,359
Alan Taylor: It was a success
in unprecedented sales.

1683
01:21:04,360 --> 01:21:07,062
in the colonies
no book was read

1684
01:21:07,063 --> 01:21:12,167
as much as "Common sense"
except for the Bible.

1685
01:21:12,168 --> 01:21:14,303
Bernard Bailyn: It was an attack
indiscriminate

1686
01:21:14,503 --> 01:21:19,208
against the whole British world,
political and cultural.

1687
01:21:19,408 --> 01:21:22,577
{\an8}With forceful prose.

1688
01:21:22,578 --> 01:21:26,147
{\an8}No pamphleteers
North American

1689
01:21:26,148 --> 01:21:30,619
had written with a language
so hard and extreme.

1690
01:21:30,620 --> 01:21:32,387
William Hogeland: Did
that people would listen

1691
01:21:32,388 --> 01:21:34,624
and they will think in a moment
in which Congress

1692
01:21:35,024 --> 01:21:38,193
I would never have considered
to the king personally,

1693
01:21:38,194 --> 01:21:41,931
to King George III,
to the "king of England."

1694
01:21:42,131 --> 01:21:44,367
{\an8}They always said things like,
"Ah, he just doesn't understand.

1695
01:21:44,567 --> 01:21:46,301
{\an8}Our problem
It's Parliament."

1696
01:21:46,302 --> 01:21:48,104
"The king has to help us."

1697
01:21:48,304 --> 01:21:51,473
He called the king a "beast"
and published it.

1698
01:21:51,474 --> 01:21:54,342
He was an intellectual
of the working class.

1699
01:21:54,343 --> 01:21:56,145
His ideology was
radically democratic,

1700
01:21:56,345 --> 01:21:58,213
in many ways.

1701
01:21:58,214 --> 01:22:01,450
That set him apart.
from other famous Founders.

1702
01:22:01,651 --> 01:22:03,552
"The hereditary succession

1703
01:22:03,953 --> 01:22:06,988
"It is an insult and an imposition
to posterity.

1704
01:22:06,989 --> 01:22:09,591
"Because, being born equal
all men,

1705
01:22:09,592 --> 01:22:12,060
"none since birth
could have had the right

1706
01:22:12,061 --> 01:22:14,062
"to establish his own family

1707
01:22:14,063 --> 01:22:15,664
"with difference
above all the others

1708
01:22:15,665 --> 01:22:17,465
"in perpetuity.

1709
01:22:17,466 --> 01:22:19,701
"One of the strongest evidence
of foolishness

1710
01:22:19,702 --> 01:22:21,704
"of hereditary law
of the kings

1711
01:22:22,104 --> 01:22:24,339
"is that nature
disapproves.

1712
01:22:24,340 --> 01:22:26,375
"Otherwise,
I wouldn't make fun so often

1713
01:22:26,575 --> 01:22:30,945
by giving humanity
a donkey instead of a lion."

1714
01:22:30,946 --> 01:22:33,415
Thomas Paine.

1715
01:22:33,416 --> 01:22:36,352
Bernard Bailyn: That pamphlet
shook people's minds

1716
01:22:36,552 --> 01:22:42,157
about the possibility
to have a different world.

1717
01:22:42,158 --> 01:22:43,459
"'Common sense'

1718
01:22:43,659 --> 01:22:46,027
"struck a chord
that needed to be touched

1719
01:22:46,028 --> 01:22:47,496
"to make it vibrate.

1720
01:22:47,697 --> 01:22:49,998
"The country was ready
to become independent

1721
01:22:49,999 --> 01:22:52,735
and I just needed someone
tell it to the people."

1722
01:22:53,135 --> 01:22:54,737
Private Ashbel Green.

1723
01:22:56,972 --> 01:22:58,507
William Hogeland: Some
of the Founders and others

1724
01:22:58,708 --> 01:23:01,177
They thought that was the time
to start again.

1725
01:23:01,377 --> 01:23:04,212
Start a new world
yes it is possible.

1726
01:23:04,213 --> 01:23:07,082
And at that time it must have been
extremely exciting.

1727
01:23:07,083 --> 01:23:09,051
I think it still excites us,

1728
01:23:09,251 --> 01:23:11,653
that we are a product
of a revolutionary moment

1729
01:23:11,654 --> 01:23:14,189
in which the world
was left upside down.

1730
01:23:14,190 --> 01:23:15,491
"My compatriots will accept

1731
01:23:15,691 --> 01:23:18,627
"the idea of independence
reluctantly.

1732
01:23:19,028 --> 01:23:20,328
"I see that "Common Sense"
is generating

1733
01:23:20,329 --> 01:23:21,663
"a wonderful change

1734
01:23:21,664 --> 01:23:24,999
in the mentality
of many men."

1735
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:27,136
George Washington.

1736
01:23:29,538 --> 01:23:31,407
Not all
They changed their mind.

1737
01:23:31,607 --> 01:23:33,042
Hannah Griffiths,

1738
01:23:33,242 --> 01:23:35,044
the Philadelphia poet

1739
01:23:35,211 --> 01:23:38,214
which in 1768 had urged
to American women

1740
01:23:38,414 --> 01:23:39,648
to boycott
British goods,

1741
01:23:40,049 --> 01:23:42,450
I was horrified.

1742
01:23:42,451 --> 01:23:46,122
Jane Kamensky: The idea
to reform the empire

1743
01:23:46,322 --> 01:23:49,090
when I stop buying tea
or imported garments

1744
01:23:49,091 --> 01:23:50,725
would lead to madness

1745
01:23:50,726 --> 01:23:53,161
of the issue
of independence

1746
01:23:53,162 --> 01:23:56,699
It was something that for her
It was impossible to accept.

1747
01:23:57,099 --> 01:23:58,433
Paine managed

1748
01:23:58,434 --> 01:24:00,135
that many will join
to the revolution.

1749
01:24:00,136 --> 01:24:02,738
But there it was
when she pulled away.

1750
01:24:03,139 --> 01:24:05,507
for some
Americans,

1751
01:24:05,508 --> 01:24:08,810
"Common sense"
confirmed his worst fears.

1752
01:24:08,811 --> 01:24:10,813
Vermont Loyalist John Peters

1753
01:24:11,213 --> 01:24:13,348
that I kept receiving
death threats

1754
01:24:13,349 --> 01:24:15,583
by part
of their patriotic neighbors,

1755
01:24:15,584 --> 01:24:18,354
He reached his breaking point.

1756
01:24:18,554 --> 01:24:21,090
"Often
besieged by the mob

1757
01:24:21,290 --> 01:24:23,591
"and captured once
for the discontented,

1758
01:24:23,592 --> 01:24:26,595
"I left my family,
my properties and labors,

1759
01:24:26,796 --> 01:24:29,532
"and fled to Canada
to prevent them from hurting me

1760
01:24:29,732 --> 01:24:32,134
and support the British cause
against their enemies."

1761
01:24:32,334 --> 01:24:34,203
John Peters.

1762
01:24:35,671 --> 01:24:38,206
"The shortage of weapons
is such,

1763
01:24:38,207 --> 01:24:40,309
"that we must not spare
in expenses or efforts

1764
01:24:40,509 --> 01:24:42,076
to get them."

1765
01:24:42,077 --> 01:24:44,112
George Washington.

1766
01:24:44,113 --> 01:24:46,649
Rick Atkinson: Washington
It has Boston surrounded.

1767
01:24:46,849 --> 01:24:49,685
The problem is that it does not have
the big weapons needed

1768
01:24:50,085 --> 01:24:51,353
to do
that the British in Boston

1769
01:24:51,554 --> 01:24:54,089
They feel really threatened.

1770
01:24:54,290 --> 01:24:57,358
He has some artillery,
but it is not enough.

1771
01:24:57,359 --> 01:24:59,462
They are usually field cannons.

1772
01:24:59,662 --> 01:25:01,396
You know that in Ticonderoga,

1773
01:25:01,397 --> 01:25:03,865
which is several hundred
from miles away,

1774
01:25:03,866 --> 01:25:06,135
There are more than 80 British weapons

1775
01:25:06,335 --> 01:25:09,471
that Benedict Arnold seized
and Ethan Allen.

1776
01:25:09,472 --> 01:25:12,106
He then tells Henry Knox,

1777
01:25:12,107 --> 01:25:16,478
“Go to Ticonderoga
and bring everything you can."

1778
01:25:16,479 --> 01:25:18,513
Henry Knox
he was a big man

1779
01:25:18,514 --> 01:25:20,850
and friendly 25 year old bookseller
from boston

1780
01:25:21,250 --> 01:25:23,384
what I had learned
everything i knew

1781
01:25:23,385 --> 01:25:25,287
about artillery
and military engineering

1782
01:25:25,488 --> 01:25:28,891
reading books
what he had in his store

1783
01:25:29,291 --> 01:25:31,760
and when it served
in the Boston militia.

1784
01:25:32,161 --> 01:25:35,130
had been earned
Washington's admiration

1785
01:25:35,331 --> 01:25:40,202
when he supervised the construction
of fortifications at Roxbury.

1786
01:25:40,402 --> 01:25:41,837
Rick Atkinson: Washington,
who has a very good eye

1787
01:25:42,238 --> 01:25:44,405
for talent
of his subordinates,

1788
01:25:44,406 --> 01:25:46,342
He realized that that man,

1789
01:25:46,542 --> 01:25:48,843
who didn't even wear a uniform
at that moment,

1790
01:25:48,844 --> 01:25:51,846
has something that calls
Washington's attention

1791
01:25:51,847 --> 01:25:54,683
and the potential
that Henry Knox demonstrates

1792
01:25:54,884 --> 01:25:58,220
is something that Washington
recognizes immediately.

1793
01:25:58,420 --> 01:26:00,722
Before leaving,

1794
01:26:00,723 --> 01:26:04,792
Knox wrote him a letter
to his pregnant wife, Lucy,

1795
01:26:04,793 --> 01:26:06,561
who had fled Boston

1796
01:26:06,562 --> 01:26:11,867
and left his parents
and loyal brothers.

1797
01:26:12,268 --> 01:26:15,371
"Stay encouraged,
my dear,

1798
01:26:15,571 --> 01:26:17,573
"and don't be scared
when I tell you that the general

1799
01:26:17,773 --> 01:26:21,676
"He ordered me to go west,
towards Ticonderoga.

1800
01:26:21,677 --> 01:26:23,646
"Do not fear, we will not go
to no battle.

1801
01:26:23,846 --> 01:26:27,715
I will take care of nothing else
of some matters".

1802
01:26:27,716 --> 01:26:30,585
Henry Knox.

1803
01:26:30,586 --> 01:26:32,387
Knox arrived
even the strong

1804
01:26:32,388 --> 01:26:33,922
that had been taken

1805
01:26:33,923 --> 01:26:37,293
and found 55 weapons to carry:

1806
01:26:37,493 --> 01:26:42,398
39 guns, 14 mortars
and 2 howitzers.

1807
01:26:42,598 --> 01:26:45,968
They all weighed
more than 64 tons.

1808
01:26:48,337 --> 01:26:49,971
Knox's task

1809
01:26:49,972 --> 01:26:52,474
was to transport them
for 300 miles

1810
01:26:52,675 --> 01:26:56,579
to the Hudson Valley,
through the berkshires

1811
01:26:56,779 --> 01:26:59,982
until we reach Boston.

1812
01:27:00,382 --> 01:27:01,917
Horses and herds of oxen

1813
01:27:02,318 --> 01:27:04,253
transported
weapons on land

1814
01:27:04,453 --> 01:27:08,424
to the north end
from Lake George.

1815
01:27:08,624 --> 01:27:11,426
From there, they took them
on a small fleet of barges

1816
01:27:11,427 --> 01:27:14,597
for more than 30 miles
against icy winds

1817
01:27:14,797 --> 01:27:19,535
to Fort George
in the extreme south.

1818
01:27:21,303 --> 01:27:23,705
"We made 42 sleds
extremely resistant

1819
01:27:23,706 --> 01:27:25,807
"and we got 80 yoke
of oxen

1820
01:27:25,808 --> 01:27:28,343
"to drag them
to Springfield,

1821
01:27:28,344 --> 01:27:29,812
"where I wait
get fresh cattle

1822
01:27:30,012 --> 01:27:32,547
"to carry them
to the camp.

1823
01:27:32,548 --> 01:27:33,916
'We hope it falls
a good snowfall,

1824
01:27:34,316 --> 01:27:37,386
which will facilitate
their transportation".

1825
01:27:37,586 --> 01:27:40,356
Henry Knox.

1826
01:27:40,556 --> 01:27:42,558
the snow
What Knox expected

1827
01:27:42,758 --> 01:27:44,826
It became unpredictable.

1828
01:27:44,827 --> 01:27:49,331
Sometimes I was too thin
to slide the sleighs,

1829
01:27:49,531 --> 01:27:52,301
and sometimes too heavy
to move.

1830
01:27:54,370 --> 01:27:56,372
Crossing the Berkshires,

1831
01:27:56,572 --> 01:27:58,339
the oxen
they transported the artillery

1832
01:27:58,340 --> 01:27:59,807
through mountains so high

1833
01:27:59,808 --> 01:28:03,645
that from the top, Knox recalled,

1834
01:28:03,646 --> 01:28:07,916
"we could almost all see
the corners of the Earth."

1835
01:28:09,785 --> 01:28:11,819
Wherever they went,

1836
01:28:11,820 --> 01:28:16,625
farmers and residents
They went out to see them.

1837
01:28:16,825 --> 01:28:19,293
"We arrived at Westfield,
Massachusetts,

1838
01:28:19,294 --> 01:28:21,396
"and we saw that very few
of its inhabitants,

1839
01:28:21,397 --> 01:28:22,930
"even of the oldest,

1840
01:28:22,931 --> 01:28:25,834
"they had seen a cannon
ever.

1841
01:28:26,035 --> 01:28:29,338
"We benefit a lot
of that curiosity.

1842
01:28:29,538 --> 01:28:33,641
"While they entertained themselves
talking about our weapons,

1843
01:28:33,642 --> 01:28:36,645
"we enjoyed talking
of the benefits of its citron

1844
01:28:36,845 --> 01:28:38,647
and his whiskey."

1845
01:28:38,847 --> 01:28:41,716
John P. Becker.

1846
01:28:41,717 --> 01:28:43,518
At the time
that the convoy of oxen

1847
01:28:43,519 --> 01:28:45,319
made its way,

1848
01:28:45,320 --> 01:28:47,555
Knox stepped forward
only to Cambridge.

1849
01:28:47,556 --> 01:28:49,591
He informed Washington
that the artillery

1850
01:28:49,792 --> 01:28:51,727
that had been promised

1851
01:28:51,927 --> 01:28:56,031
would be at your disposal
in the coming weeks.

1852
01:29:05,908 --> 01:29:08,109
When the last
of Knox's cannons

1853
01:29:08,110 --> 01:29:10,511
came to Washington's army,

1854
01:29:10,512 --> 01:29:12,680
control of England
about boston

1855
01:29:12,681 --> 01:29:14,817
was doomed to failure.

1856
01:29:15,017 --> 01:29:16,585
Rick Atkinson:
It is one of the expeditions

1857
01:29:16,785 --> 01:29:18,453
most extraordinary

1858
01:29:18,454 --> 01:29:20,556
in history
of the United States.

1859
01:29:20,756 --> 01:29:23,825
He came to Cambridge and said,
"Boss, I'm here.

1860
01:29:23,826 --> 01:29:26,095
I brought fifty weapons.

1861
01:29:26,495 --> 01:29:28,697
They are parked
on the outskirts of the city

1862
01:29:28,897 --> 01:29:31,432
for when you need them."

1863
01:29:31,433 --> 01:29:33,969
Washington told him,
"you are the best",

1864
01:29:34,369 --> 01:29:37,539
and put Knox in charge
of the Continental Artillery.

1865
01:29:39,875 --> 01:29:43,144
the night
of March 4, 1776,

1866
01:29:43,145 --> 01:29:46,714
about 3,000 men
and 300 teams

1867
01:29:46,715 --> 01:29:49,752
They worked to locate
20 or more heavy weapons

1868
01:29:49,952 --> 01:29:53,721
in Dorchester Heights.

1869
01:29:53,722 --> 01:29:56,725
"Fifth of March.

1870
01:29:56,925 --> 01:29:59,695
"Today at dawn we discovered
two strongholds

1871
01:29:59,895 --> 01:30:02,930
"in the hills
from Dorchester Point,

1872
01:30:02,931 --> 01:30:05,900
"and two smaller works
on their flanks.

1873
01:30:05,901 --> 01:30:08,603
"They built them all
during the night

1874
01:30:08,604 --> 01:30:10,439
"with a similar speed

1875
01:30:10,639 --> 01:30:13,942
"to that of the genius of the
wonderful Aladdin's lamp.

1876
01:30:14,143 --> 01:30:17,513
"From those hills
They dominated the entire city.

1877
01:30:17,713 --> 01:30:19,715
"We had to get them out
of your position

1878
01:30:19,915 --> 01:30:22,050
or leave the city."

1879
01:30:24,486 --> 01:30:25,787
General Howe,
that he was not willing

1880
01:30:25,788 --> 01:30:27,922
to sacrifice more men,

1881
01:30:27,923 --> 01:30:30,826
decided to leave Boston
towards halifax,

1882
01:30:31,026 --> 01:30:35,897
in Nova Scotia,
where he hoped to regroup.

1883
01:30:35,898 --> 01:30:39,668
He traveled with 10,000 soldiers
and their dependents,

1884
01:30:39,868 --> 01:30:44,105
as well as 1,100 men,
loyal women and children

1885
01:30:44,106 --> 01:30:48,142
that they would have to start
again in another place.

1886
01:30:48,143 --> 01:30:49,845
Among them was
the in-laws

1887
01:30:50,045 --> 01:30:52,713
by Henry Knox.

1888
01:30:52,714 --> 01:30:55,951
His wife Lucy wrote:
"I have lost my father,

1889
01:30:56,151 --> 01:30:59,087
to my mother, to my brother
and my sisters."

1890
01:31:00,823 --> 01:31:02,990
"What a horrible war.

1891
01:31:02,991 --> 01:31:06,595
"Brother against brother,
father against son.

1892
01:31:06,795 --> 01:31:08,763
"I don't know who they were
its first promoters,

1893
01:31:08,764 --> 01:31:11,466
"But God knows.

1894
01:31:11,667 --> 01:31:16,637
"And I fear they will feel
the weight of His vengeance.

1895
01:31:16,638 --> 01:31:18,841
"It's a shame
that in the short time

1896
01:31:19,041 --> 01:31:20,975
"what happened in this world,

1897
01:31:20,976 --> 01:31:23,512
"we cannot enjoy
with our friends,

1898
01:31:23,712 --> 01:31:27,683
but let's think in ways
to destroy each other."

1899
01:31:27,883 --> 01:31:29,818
Lucy Knox.

1900
01:31:32,588 --> 01:31:35,089
With the evacuation
from Boston,

1901
01:31:35,090 --> 01:31:37,492
was not left
no British garrison

1902
01:31:37,693 --> 01:31:40,895
in none
of the rebellious colonies.

1903
01:31:40,896 --> 01:31:42,864
Serena Zabin: I think everyone
they surprise them

1904
01:31:42,865 --> 01:31:46,934
the triumphs of the patriots.

1905
01:31:46,935 --> 01:31:50,906
So much so that they are convinced
that God's support

1906
01:31:51,106 --> 01:31:53,207
or the virtue of the cause

1907
01:31:53,208 --> 01:31:56,712
is what is helping them
to win.

1908
01:31:56,912 --> 01:32:02,050
One of his favorite metaphors
It is the battle of Jericho.

1909
01:32:02,251 --> 01:32:05,120
{\an8}They are convinced
that the only thing they need

1910
01:32:05,520 --> 01:32:07,688
{\an8}is that the army
with good on your side

1911
01:32:07,689 --> 01:32:09,523
{\an8}come and blow a trumpet,

1912
01:32:09,524 --> 01:32:11,993
and that the walls are going to fall.

1913
01:32:11,994 --> 01:32:13,128
some
Americans

1914
01:32:13,528 --> 01:32:15,731
They believed that war
it was over.

1915
01:32:15,931 --> 01:32:18,165
The legislative assembly
thanked George Washington

1916
01:32:18,166 --> 01:32:19,768
for your service

1917
01:32:19,968 --> 01:32:22,837
and wished him
"tranquility and satisfaction"

1918
01:32:22,838 --> 01:32:25,073
in his retirement.

1919
01:32:25,274 --> 01:32:28,577
But Washington knew better.

1920
01:32:28,777 --> 01:32:31,313
He informed Congress
that "I would leave for New York

1921
01:32:31,713 --> 01:32:34,949
immediately
with the rest of the army."

1922
01:32:34,950 --> 01:32:37,920
I was sure
that the next maneuver

1923
01:32:38,120 --> 01:32:41,790
Howe would be to attack that port
so strategically important.

1924
01:32:43,892 --> 01:32:46,995
In mid-April 1776,

1925
01:32:47,195 --> 01:32:49,163
He and his wife Martha,

1926
01:32:49,164 --> 01:32:52,634
and several members of the house
They already lived there.

1927
01:32:54,636 --> 01:32:57,905
Meanwhile, Congress sent
to a Connecticut businessman

1928
01:32:57,906 --> 01:33:00,608
called Silas Deane to Paris

1929
01:33:00,609 --> 01:33:04,045
to buy ammunition
and supplies in secret,

1930
01:33:04,046 --> 01:33:06,014
and to explore the possibility

1931
01:33:06,214 --> 01:33:09,850
to form an alliance
with France.

1932
01:33:09,851 --> 01:33:11,620
Stacy Schiff: At this point

1933
01:33:11,820 --> 01:33:13,355
they actually converge
two questions.

1934
01:33:13,755 --> 01:33:16,825
{\an8}One is, if we go
to become independent,

1935
01:33:17,025 --> 01:33:20,027
{\an8}if we are going to create a nation
somehow,

1936
01:33:20,028 --> 01:33:24,098
a truly unprecedented concept
and destabilizing,

1937
01:33:24,099 --> 01:33:25,734
how will we do it?

1938
01:33:25,934 --> 01:33:28,703
We have absolutely no
no way to do it.

1939
01:33:28,704 --> 01:33:30,605
So we will have to search

1940
01:33:30,806 --> 01:33:32,807
the help
of a foreign power.

1941
01:33:32,808 --> 01:33:36,345
That raises the question
of a Declaration.

1942
01:33:36,745 --> 01:33:39,815
The question
It's what needs to happen first.

1943
01:33:42,317 --> 01:33:45,354
"The independence
is the only link

1944
01:33:45,754 --> 01:33:48,823
"that can unite us
and stay together.

1945
01:33:48,824 --> 01:33:51,827
"Every day he convinces us
more than your need.

1946
01:33:52,027 --> 01:33:54,261
"Instead of looking at each other
with suspicion

1947
01:33:54,262 --> 01:33:56,297
"or doubtful curiosity,

1948
01:33:56,298 --> 01:33:58,867
"let's extend to our neighbors
a handshake

1949
01:33:59,067 --> 01:34:01,036
"of sincere friendship.

1950
01:34:01,236 --> 01:34:04,071
"And let it not be heard
between us nothing that is not:

1951
01:34:04,072 --> 01:34:07,209
"a good citizen,
an open and determined friend,

1952
01:34:07,409 --> 01:34:11,679
"and a virtuous defender
of the rights of humanity

1953
01:34:11,680 --> 01:34:15,751
and of the Free States
and Independents of America".

1954
01:34:15,951 --> 01:34:17,819
Thomas Paine.

1955
01:34:21,757 --> 01:34:24,259
brrrrom...

1956
01:34:24,659 --> 01:34:27,796
"There are no words
to describe,

1957
01:34:27,996 --> 01:34:29,931
"no imagination that reaches
to view

1958
01:34:30,132 --> 01:34:32,901
"the scenes of misery
that the soldiers endure,

1959
01:34:33,101 --> 01:34:35,102
"those who make moans
constantly

1960
01:34:35,103 --> 01:34:37,372
"and ask for assistance in vain.

1961
01:34:37,773 --> 01:34:41,109
"The most shocking
of all the shows

1962
01:34:41,309 --> 01:34:45,047
"It was seeing a crowded stable
of men with this disorder,

1963
01:34:45,247 --> 01:34:48,717
many of whom cannot
see, talk or walk".

1964
01:34:48,917 --> 01:34:51,019
Dr. Lewis Beebe.

1965
01:34:52,954 --> 01:34:55,389
That spring,
settlers on both sides

1966
01:34:55,390 --> 01:34:59,126
they were devastated
for a common enemy:

1967
01:34:59,127 --> 01:35:03,331
"variola major", smallpox.

1968
01:35:03,732 --> 01:35:08,703
The highly contagious virus
had left marked,

1969
01:35:08,904 --> 01:35:10,338
blinded or killed
to hundreds of thousands

1970
01:35:10,739 --> 01:35:12,274
from North America

1971
01:35:12,474 --> 01:35:14,943
during the last
two and a half centuries.

1972
01:35:17,045 --> 01:35:20,015
The American Revolution
coincided with an epidemic

1973
01:35:20,215 --> 01:35:23,718
throughout the continent
which lasted seven years

1974
01:35:23,919 --> 01:35:27,721
and claimed an additional 100,000 lives:

1975
01:35:27,722 --> 01:35:32,860
of blacks, whites
and Native Americans.

1976
01:35:32,861 --> 01:35:36,231
Colin Calloway: The Armies
that go from one side to another

1977
01:35:36,431 --> 01:35:37,932
They are the ideal environment
for propagation

1978
01:35:37,933 --> 01:35:39,468
of diseases.

1979
01:35:39,868 --> 01:35:43,370
{\an8}And one of the epidemics
of larger smallpox,

1980
01:35:43,371 --> 01:35:45,406
{\an8}or at least
better documented,

1981
01:35:45,407 --> 01:35:48,175
and perhaps epidemics in plural,

1982
01:35:48,176 --> 01:35:50,778
was the one of the time
of the American Revolution.

1983
01:35:50,779 --> 01:35:57,385
Smallpox was the disease
feared by humanity.

1984
01:35:57,786 --> 01:36:02,389
They only existed
two weapons against smallpox:

1985
01:36:02,390 --> 01:36:04,326
isolate victims

1986
01:36:04,526 --> 01:36:07,795
to avoid
that they would infect others

1987
01:36:07,796 --> 01:36:11,065
or inoculate the healthy with the virus
deliberately

1988
01:36:11,066 --> 01:36:12,868
in an incision

1989
01:36:13,068 --> 01:36:15,170
with the hope
that the infection

1990
01:36:15,370 --> 01:36:17,405
it wasn't fatal

1991
01:36:17,806 --> 01:36:22,978
nor infect others
before giving them immunity.

1992
01:36:23,178 --> 01:36:25,247
George Washington
I knew the disease

1993
01:36:25,447 --> 01:36:27,848
first hand,

1994
01:36:27,849 --> 01:36:31,118
since I had left it marked
for life when I was young.

1995
01:36:31,119 --> 01:36:34,222
But at first he rejected
the inoculation of his soldiers:

1996
01:36:34,422 --> 01:36:36,924
if everyone was inoculated,

1997
01:36:36,925 --> 01:36:41,428
his entire army would remain
incapacitated for weeks.

1998
01:36:41,429 --> 01:36:43,298
If I did it gradually

1999
01:36:43,498 --> 01:36:45,967
and an inoculated soldier
with the disease

2000
01:36:46,168 --> 01:36:49,203
He was discharged very soon,

2001
01:36:49,204 --> 01:36:52,908
could infect
to his entire company.

2002
01:36:53,108 --> 01:36:56,511
Instead, anyone
with smallpox symptoms

2003
01:36:56,912 --> 01:36:59,880
was isolated
in a special hospital

2004
01:36:59,881 --> 01:37:03,852
with guards who kept
to visitors outside.

2005
01:37:05,820 --> 01:37:07,355
Meanwhile,

2006
01:37:07,556 --> 01:37:09,457
aboard the floating city
by Lord Dunmore

2007
01:37:09,858 --> 01:37:12,092
in the Chesapeake Bay,

2008
01:37:12,093 --> 01:37:15,095
the men of his Regiment
Ethiopian and their families,

2009
01:37:15,096 --> 01:37:18,232
piled up in small
segregated vessels,

2010
01:37:18,233 --> 01:37:20,535
They were not immune
and they were not even inoculated

2011
01:37:20,936 --> 01:37:22,204
until later
that the disease

2012
01:37:22,404 --> 01:37:24,572
It was devastating them.

2013
01:37:24,573 --> 01:37:28,577
Just like typhus.

2014
01:37:28,977 --> 01:37:31,912
"The disease
It has been very damaging

2015
01:37:31,913 --> 01:37:34,114
"and has taken away
a large amount

2016
01:37:34,115 --> 01:37:38,954
"of our people,
especially among blacks.

2017
01:37:39,154 --> 01:37:42,356
"If it had not been
for this horrendous condition,

2018
01:37:42,357 --> 01:37:45,092
"I'm sure
that I would have 2,000 blacks

2019
01:37:45,093 --> 01:37:47,127
"with whom without a doubt
could have penetrated

2020
01:37:47,128 --> 01:37:49,397
to the heart
of this colony."

2021
01:37:49,598 --> 01:37:51,499
Lord Dunmore.

2022
01:37:53,435 --> 01:37:55,169
At the end of May,

2023
01:37:55,170 --> 01:37:56,637
Dunmore moved
his dilapidated fleet

2024
01:37:56,638 --> 01:37:58,872
north of Gwynn Island,

2025
01:37:58,873 --> 01:38:02,409
attracted by about 400 cows
what was there

2026
01:38:02,410 --> 01:38:05,213
and with those I expected
Feed your followers.

2027
01:38:05,413 --> 01:38:10,017
But smallpox
and typhus followed.

2028
01:38:10,018 --> 01:38:13,120
The fugitives kept coming
where Dunmore,

2029
01:38:13,121 --> 01:38:15,556
between six and eight a day,

2030
01:38:15,557 --> 01:38:18,893
and they died at almost the same rate.

2031
01:38:20,562 --> 01:38:23,130
Over time,
Dunmore and his fleet

2032
01:38:23,131 --> 01:38:25,199
they were forced
to leave the island

2033
01:38:25,200 --> 01:38:27,001
due to militia attacks
Virginians

2034
01:38:27,002 --> 01:38:29,203
from the mainland.

2035
01:38:29,204 --> 01:38:32,973
They left behind hundreds
of men, women

2036
01:38:32,974 --> 01:38:36,344
and sick African American children.

2037
01:38:36,544 --> 01:38:39,647
A Virginian who arrived
to the island a day or two later

2038
01:38:39,648 --> 01:38:44,151
He could never forget what he saw.

2039
01:38:44,152 --> 01:38:46,921
"Upon arrival,
horror invaded us

2040
01:38:47,122 --> 01:38:50,424
"when you see the number of bodies
in a state of decomposition

2041
01:38:50,425 --> 01:38:52,993
"covered with less
of a shovel of earth.

2042
01:38:52,994 --> 01:38:54,663
"Others were dying.

2043
01:38:55,063 --> 01:38:57,098
"Some had arrived
to the shore

2044
01:38:57,299 --> 01:39:00,702
"and they could only manifest
his anguish through signs.

2045
01:39:01,102 --> 01:39:04,406
"My eyes had never been
witnesses of such cruelty,

2046
01:39:04,606 --> 01:39:07,074
"by which its authors
They will never be able to atone for their guilt

2047
01:39:07,075 --> 01:39:09,110
in this world."

2048
01:39:13,114 --> 01:39:15,249
The experiment
Dunmore's Emancipation

2049
01:39:15,250 --> 01:39:17,552
ended in tragedy.

2050
01:39:17,952 --> 01:39:21,121
But in the following
seven years of war,

2051
01:39:21,122 --> 01:39:23,124
tens of thousands
of enslaved people

2052
01:39:23,325 --> 01:39:26,026
They fled to the British

2053
01:39:26,027 --> 01:39:28,630
believing that it was more possible
that the king's representatives

2054
01:39:29,030 --> 01:39:35,169
fulfilled their desire for freedom
than the revolutionaries.

2055
01:39:35,170 --> 01:39:37,172
Annette Gordon-Reed:
Choose freedom

2056
01:39:37,372 --> 01:39:40,074
it's a bet
what makes people

2057
01:39:40,075 --> 01:39:44,212
take all kinds of risks.

2058
01:39:44,412 --> 01:39:47,981
{\an8}With the idea that you can
be in a situation

2059
01:39:47,982 --> 01:39:50,217
{\an8}in which your children,
your children's children

2060
01:39:50,218 --> 01:39:51,753
{\an8}and the children
of your children's children

2061
01:39:52,153 --> 01:39:54,321
they would be enslaved,

2062
01:39:54,322 --> 01:39:59,627
I understand wanting to take risks
to die to prevent it.

2063
01:40:03,465 --> 01:40:05,367
That same spring,

2064
01:40:05,567 --> 01:40:07,369
smallpox ended
with the american dream

2065
01:40:07,569 --> 01:40:11,538
to capture Canada as well.

2066
01:40:11,539 --> 01:40:13,441
For more than four months,

2067
01:40:13,641 --> 01:40:16,544
Benedict Arnold
that was now general,

2068
01:40:16,745 --> 01:40:19,748
had continued with the blockade
to Quebec City

2069
01:40:20,148 --> 01:40:22,316
hoping to ride
a second successful assault

2070
01:40:22,317 --> 01:40:25,386
before the temperatures
they will thaw the ice

2071
01:40:25,387 --> 01:40:27,355
that blocked the Saint Lawrence River

2072
01:40:27,555 --> 01:40:30,225
and the british
could receive reinforcements.

2073
01:40:30,425 --> 01:40:31,592
But in May,

2074
01:40:31,593 --> 01:40:33,594
half of those Americans

2075
01:40:33,595 --> 01:40:35,796
that stayed
They were sick.

2076
01:40:35,797 --> 01:40:39,100
So,
warships arrived

2077
01:40:39,300 --> 01:40:42,269
and transportation
of the Royal Navy,

2078
01:40:42,270 --> 01:40:46,541
full of troops,
with thousands more on the way.

2079
01:40:46,741 --> 01:40:49,544
The Americans fled.

2080
01:40:49,744 --> 01:40:51,746
British forces

2081
01:40:52,147 --> 01:40:54,548
led by general
Guy Carleton

2082
01:40:54,549 --> 01:40:57,152
and General John Burgoyne,
They chased them,

2083
01:40:57,352 --> 01:41:00,654
soon with the support of allies
American Indians.

2084
01:41:00,655 --> 01:41:03,257
Darren Bonaparte: To us,

2085
01:41:03,258 --> 01:41:05,292
my people who lived
on the St. Lawrence River,

2086
01:41:05,293 --> 01:41:07,796
the british brought us together
and they said.

2087
01:41:08,196 --> 01:41:10,297
"The Americans
They are invading.

2088
01:41:10,298 --> 01:41:12,400
{\an8}They are going to kill them all."

2089
01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:16,471
{\an8}We ship to one hundred
to help the British

2090
01:41:16,671 --> 01:41:19,072
to get them out
from the Montreal region.

2091
01:41:19,073 --> 01:41:22,177
one by one,
the Americans

2092
01:41:22,377 --> 01:41:25,179
they abandoned
their outposts.

2093
01:41:25,180 --> 01:41:26,581
Reinforcements arrived,

2094
01:41:26,781 --> 01:41:29,349
but three quarters
of the newcomers

2095
01:41:29,350 --> 01:41:32,853
They were not immune to smallpox.

2096
01:41:32,854 --> 01:41:35,622
"The road passed
next to the river,

2097
01:41:35,623 --> 01:41:37,592
"opposite the city of Montreal,

2098
01:41:37,792 --> 01:41:39,560
"and we could see
to the british soldiers

2099
01:41:39,561 --> 01:41:41,862
"redcoats"
on the other shore.

2100
01:41:41,863 --> 01:41:44,231
"They were so close to us

2101
01:41:44,232 --> 01:41:46,266
"that if we had not
retired at that time,

2102
01:41:46,267 --> 01:41:48,602
"we would have been captured,

2103
01:41:48,603 --> 01:41:51,138
"because there were six times
more than us

2104
01:41:51,139 --> 01:41:54,642
"besides, we were half dead
due to illness

2105
01:41:54,843 --> 01:41:56,644
and lack of clothing."

2106
01:41:56,845 --> 01:41:59,279
John Greenwood.

2107
01:41:59,280 --> 01:42:01,616
The young man
fife player John Greenwood

2108
01:42:01,816 --> 01:42:04,319
was among those reinforcements
when Arnold ordered

2109
01:42:04,519 --> 01:42:07,221
to his men
leave Montreal.

2110
01:42:07,222 --> 01:42:11,359
Nearly 2,000 became ill.

2111
01:42:11,559 --> 01:42:14,661
Over time,
They gathered on Ile aux Noix,

2112
01:42:14,662 --> 01:42:16,631
waiting for your turn
to transport them

2113
01:42:16,831 --> 01:42:21,503
south by Lake Champlain
to Crown Point and Ticonderoga.

2114
01:42:23,805 --> 01:42:26,708
Between 20 and 60 men
they got sick every day

2115
01:42:26,908 --> 01:42:29,878
and between 15 and 30 died.

2116
01:42:30,278 --> 01:42:32,180
Two large graves were dug
in which they piled

2117
01:42:32,380 --> 01:42:35,149
to the dead every night,

2118
01:42:35,350 --> 01:42:36,783
As one man recalled,

2119
01:42:36,784 --> 01:42:38,353
"without further coverage

2120
01:42:38,553 --> 01:42:40,455
that the rags
what they wore when they died".

2121
01:42:40,655 --> 01:42:43,257
At the end of June

2122
01:42:43,258 --> 01:42:46,426
the invasion ended
North American from Canada,

2123
01:42:46,427 --> 01:42:49,429
ten months later
having started.

2124
01:42:49,430 --> 01:42:52,666
12,000 soldiers participated.

2125
01:42:52,667 --> 01:42:55,903
About 5,000 died,
They were injured,

2126
01:42:55,904 --> 01:42:57,704
were captured,

2127
01:42:57,705 --> 01:43:01,409
died of diseases
or deserted.

2128
01:43:01,609 --> 01:43:03,611
The survivors
now they were camping back

2129
01:43:03,811 --> 01:43:05,747
on the shores
from Lake Champlain,

2130
01:43:05,947 --> 01:43:08,683
where the campaign
had begun.

2131
01:43:10,685 --> 01:43:12,920
"Our army
at Crown Point

2132
01:43:12,921 --> 01:43:15,489
"It's a spectacle of misery
that full of horror

2133
01:43:15,490 --> 01:43:18,393
"the human mind.

2134
01:43:18,593 --> 01:43:20,460
"Our misfortunes in Canada
are enough

2135
01:43:20,461 --> 01:43:23,230
"to move
even the hardest heart.

2136
01:43:23,231 --> 01:43:25,566
"Smallpox is ten times
more terrible than the British,

2137
01:43:25,567 --> 01:43:28,336
Canadians and indigenous people together".

2138
01:43:28,536 --> 01:43:31,638
John Adams.

2139
01:43:31,639 --> 01:43:33,740
“Our problems
are becoming

2140
01:43:33,741 --> 01:43:36,710
in a crisis",
John Hancock warned,

2141
01:43:36,711 --> 01:43:39,447
president
of the Continental Congress.

2142
01:43:39,647 --> 01:43:41,883
"And the coming campaign
very surely

2143
01:43:42,283 --> 01:43:44,319
will determine forever

2144
01:43:44,519 --> 01:43:46,854
destiny
of North America".

2145
01:43:47,255 --> 01:43:50,425
At that time, France
he had promised in a low voice

2146
01:43:50,625 --> 01:43:52,492
provide some weapons
and money,

2147
01:43:52,493 --> 01:43:54,561
but to openly support

2148
01:43:54,562 --> 01:43:56,965
demanded that Congress
break all your ties

2149
01:43:57,365 --> 01:43:58,899
with Great Britain.

2150
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:01,468
John Adams wrote to a friend:
"Every day,

2151
01:44:01,469 --> 01:44:02,970
independence stalks us...

2152
01:44:02,971 --> 01:44:05,273
like a torrent."

2153
01:44:05,473 --> 01:44:07,275
On May 15,
Congress called

2154
01:44:07,475 --> 01:44:09,376
to the thirteen colonies

2155
01:44:09,377 --> 01:44:12,813
so that they could establish
their own governments.

2156
01:44:12,814 --> 01:44:14,916
When adopting
new constitutions,

2157
01:44:15,316 --> 01:44:19,320
the colonies would become
in sovereign states.

2158
01:44:21,255 --> 01:44:22,924
The next day,
the delegates found out

2159
01:44:23,324 --> 01:44:24,558
that the British,

2160
01:44:24,559 --> 01:44:26,860
desperate
and without allies in Europe,

2161
01:44:26,861 --> 01:44:29,429
they had hired
thousands of foreign troops

2162
01:44:29,430 --> 01:44:31,799
to end the rebellion.

2163
01:44:32,000 --> 01:44:34,968
Some German princes
They had agreed to give them to them,

2164
01:44:34,969 --> 01:44:37,505
at a cost.

2165
01:44:37,705 --> 01:44:41,476
Most of them came
from Hessen-Kassel and Hessen-Hanau,

2166
01:44:41,676 --> 01:44:46,514
so the Americans
They called them "Hessians."

2167
01:44:46,714 --> 01:44:49,717
"Oh, British," he lamented.
a man from Rhode Island,

2168
01:44:49,917 --> 01:44:51,985
"how low they have fallen
when hiring foreigners

2169
01:44:51,986 --> 01:44:55,989
so that they cut
your children's throats.

2170
01:44:55,990 --> 01:45:00,061
"The British nation
has reached the last extreme.

2171
01:45:00,461 --> 01:45:03,330
"We must wait
a tough test this summer,

2172
01:45:03,331 --> 01:45:06,834
"with the British, Hessians,
indigenous, black,

2173
01:45:07,035 --> 01:45:09,870
"and any butcher
May the kind king of England

2174
01:45:09,871 --> 01:45:12,874
can hire
against us."

2175
01:45:13,074 --> 01:45:16,943
Josiah Bartlett,
New Hampshire.

2176
01:45:16,944 --> 01:45:19,613
Friederike Baer:
The Americans used

2177
01:45:19,614 --> 01:45:21,715
{\an8}the decision
of the British Government

2178
01:45:21,716 --> 01:45:23,317
{\an8}to hire
foreign soldiers

2179
01:45:23,518 --> 01:45:24,985
{\an8}for war

2180
01:45:24,986 --> 01:45:26,921
against
of his British subjects,

2181
01:45:27,321 --> 01:45:29,623
yes to a certain extent
we see this war

2182
01:45:29,624 --> 01:45:32,393
like a civil war,
they used her as a tool

2183
01:45:32,593 --> 01:45:34,562
to generate resistance
against Great Britain,

2184
01:45:34,762 --> 01:45:37,030
mobilize men
so that, in essence,

2185
01:45:37,031 --> 01:45:39,099
take up arms
against the invaders

2186
01:45:39,100 --> 01:45:42,336
and finally
support independence.

2187
01:45:44,539 --> 01:45:48,443
On June 7,
Richard Henry Lee of Virginia

2188
01:45:48,643 --> 01:45:50,478
presented resolutions
in Congress

2189
01:45:50,678 --> 01:45:53,046
in which he declared
that "these United Colonies

2190
01:45:53,047 --> 01:45:54,848
they have the right

2191
01:45:54,849 --> 01:45:58,519
and they will be free states
and independent...

2192
01:45:58,720 --> 01:46:02,457
exempt from any loyalty
to the British Crown".

2193
01:46:05,660 --> 01:46:08,429
Meanwhile, a letter
to a Pennsylvania newspaper

2194
01:46:08,629 --> 01:46:11,799
signed only
like 'Republicus',

2195
01:46:11,999 --> 01:46:14,836
He said it was time for the
independent Americans

2196
01:46:15,036 --> 01:46:17,804
"they will call themselves
somehow,"

2197
01:46:17,805 --> 01:46:21,375
and proposed
"United States of America."

2198
01:46:23,144 --> 01:46:25,512
A committee was established
of five men

2199
01:46:25,513 --> 01:46:27,615
to write a document
to indicate the reasons

2200
01:46:27,815 --> 01:46:31,819
to make a decision
so transcendental.

2201
01:46:32,019 --> 01:46:35,089
To Thomas Jefferson of Virginia,
33 years old,

2202
01:46:35,490 --> 01:46:38,726
was assigned to write
the first draft.

2203
01:46:40,795 --> 01:46:45,166
He was inspired by Aristotle,
Cicero, John Locke

2204
01:46:45,566 --> 01:46:48,401
and the Bill of Rights
from Virginia

2205
01:46:48,402 --> 01:46:51,773
that he had written
his friend George Mason.

2206
01:46:51,973 --> 01:46:56,010
But his objective, he stated,
was to synthesize what he called

2207
01:46:56,410 --> 01:46:59,413
"an expression
of the American mind."

2208
01:47:00,848 --> 01:47:03,851
Worked in a room
rented on Market Street,

2209
01:47:04,051 --> 01:47:06,153
powered by cups of tea

2210
01:47:06,154 --> 01:47:09,657
that his employee brought him
14-year-old Robert Hemings

2211
01:47:09,857 --> 01:47:12,926
son of a servant
enslaved,

2212
01:47:12,927 --> 01:47:16,597
Elizabeth Hemings
and Jefferson's father-in-law.

2213
01:47:19,167 --> 01:47:22,736
"When in the course
of human events

2214
01:47:22,737 --> 01:47:24,671
"it becomes necessary
for a town

2215
01:47:24,672 --> 01:47:27,207
"dissolve political ties

2216
01:47:27,208 --> 01:47:28,943
"that they have linked him to another

2217
01:47:29,143 --> 01:47:31,511
"and take among the nations
of the Earth

2218
01:47:31,512 --> 01:47:33,114
"the separate and equal position

2219
01:47:33,514 --> 01:47:35,649
"because the laws
of nature

2220
01:47:35,650 --> 01:47:38,852
"and the God of that nature
They give you the right,

2221
01:47:38,853 --> 01:47:42,556
"fair respect for judgment
of humanity

2222
01:47:42,557 --> 01:47:48,896
"demands that I declare the causes
that drive him to separation.

2223
01:47:49,096 --> 01:47:52,867
"We hold as evident
these truths:

2224
01:47:53,067 --> 01:47:56,037
"that all men
They are created equal;

2225
01:47:56,237 --> 01:47:58,506
"who are gifted by their Creator

2226
01:47:58,706 --> 01:48:01,908
"of certain rights
inalienable;

2227
01:48:01,909 --> 01:48:05,813
"that among these are life,
freedom

2228
01:48:06,013 --> 01:48:08,583
and the pursuit of happiness."

2229
01:48:08,783 --> 01:48:10,784
Thomas Jefferson.

2230
01:48:10,785 --> 01:48:12,153
Gordon Wood:
Everything we believe in

2231
01:48:12,553 --> 01:48:14,654
came out of the revolution.

2232
01:48:14,655 --> 01:48:18,491
{\an8}Our ideas of freedom,
equality,

2233
01:48:18,492 --> 01:48:19,527
{\an8}is the event
determinant

2234
01:48:19,727 --> 01:48:22,162
of our history.

2235
01:48:22,163 --> 01:48:25,031
"All men
"They are created equal."

2236
01:48:25,032 --> 01:48:27,001
That's the prayer
most famous and important

2237
01:48:27,201 --> 01:48:28,870
of our history.

2238
01:48:29,070 --> 01:48:30,770
If we don't celebrate it,

2239
01:48:30,771 --> 01:48:34,008
we are not right
to be a town.

2240
01:48:34,208 --> 01:48:35,910
And Lincoln knew it.

2241
01:48:36,110 --> 01:48:39,747
That's why he said
"all honor to Jefferson."

2242
01:48:41,816 --> 01:48:44,518
Thomas Jefferson
I was proposing something

2243
01:48:44,719 --> 01:48:48,122
brand new
and radical in the world.

2244
01:48:48,522 --> 01:48:51,826
He claimed it was the "right"
of the Americans,

2245
01:48:52,026 --> 01:48:55,262
"his duty", the "overthrow"
tyranny

2246
01:48:55,263 --> 01:48:59,532
and learn to govern yourself.

2247
01:48:59,533 --> 01:49:02,169
"That to guarantee
these rights

2248
01:49:02,570 --> 01:49:05,772
"are instituted
among men the governments,

2249
01:49:05,773 --> 01:49:08,142
"that derive
their legitimate powers

2250
01:49:08,542 --> 01:49:10,611
"of consent
of the governed;

2251
01:49:10,811 --> 01:49:13,014
"that whenever I want
that a form of government

2252
01:49:13,214 --> 01:49:15,783
"become destructive
of these principles,

2253
01:49:15,983 --> 01:49:19,886
"the people have the right
to reform or abolish it

2254
01:49:19,887 --> 01:49:22,123
"and institute a new government

2255
01:49:22,323 --> 01:49:24,592
"that melts
on these principles,

2256
01:49:24,792 --> 01:49:27,728
"and to organize his powers
in the way that in your opinion

2257
01:49:27,929 --> 01:49:30,263
"will offer the greatest
probabilities

2258
01:49:30,264 --> 01:49:33,100
to achieve your security
and happiness."

2259
01:49:33,301 --> 01:49:35,735
Thomas Jefferson.

2260
01:49:35,736 --> 01:49:37,305
Since no one
had authority over anyone

2261
01:49:37,705 --> 01:49:39,607
by birthright,

2262
01:49:39,807 --> 01:49:43,244
Jefferson claimed
that all legitimate power

2263
01:49:43,644 --> 01:49:46,012
came from the people,

2264
01:49:46,013 --> 01:49:50,117
even if he, owner of hundreds
of human beings,

2265
01:49:50,318 --> 01:49:53,053
could never come true
that statement

2266
01:49:53,054 --> 01:49:56,122
in his own life.

2267
01:49:56,123 --> 01:49:57,891
Annette Gordon-Reed:
Its relationship with slavery

2268
01:49:57,892 --> 01:50:00,261
It is essential.

2269
01:50:00,661 --> 01:50:04,230
That institution marked his life
from start to finish,

2270
01:50:04,231 --> 01:50:07,767
although I knew it was wrong.

2271
01:50:07,768 --> 01:50:10,371
How can you know what's wrong
and do it anyway?

2272
01:50:10,771 --> 01:50:14,608
Well that's the human question
for all of us.

2273
01:50:16,844 --> 01:50:19,879
Alan Tayor: We remember
the Declaration of Independence

2274
01:50:19,880 --> 01:50:23,150
mainly because of its preamble
introduction,

2275
01:50:23,351 --> 01:50:26,220
the most famous prayers
of our history,

2276
01:50:26,620 --> 01:50:28,822
and since then cited
like a command

2277
01:50:28,823 --> 01:50:31,759
to expand freedoms
from other towns.

2278
01:50:31,959 --> 01:50:34,995
{\an8}But most of the document
It's something else.

2279
01:50:34,996 --> 01:50:36,697
{\an8}It is a list of crimes

2280
01:50:36,897 --> 01:50:39,767
{\an8}that presumably
the king committed.

2281
01:50:39,967 --> 01:50:42,736
That is to say that when
patriot leaders

2282
01:50:42,737 --> 01:50:44,771
they decide
who want to become independent,

2283
01:50:44,772 --> 01:50:48,942
they must convince
to his people in the colonies,

2284
01:50:48,943 --> 01:50:50,378
now states,

2285
01:50:50,778 --> 01:50:54,647
that the king resigned
to his just authority.

2286
01:50:54,648 --> 01:50:57,951
The purpose of the Declaration
of Independence

2287
01:50:57,952 --> 01:51:01,421
is to declare that the king
He is no longer your sovereign.

2288
01:51:01,422 --> 01:51:03,823
Most of the towns

2289
01:51:03,824 --> 01:51:06,659
they had been subjects
throughout history,

2290
01:51:06,660 --> 01:51:09,029
living under governments
authoritarian.

2291
01:51:09,030 --> 01:51:12,700
Jefferson wrote: "All
experience has shown

2292
01:51:12,900 --> 01:51:16,269
that humanity is
more willing to suffer,

2293
01:51:16,270 --> 01:51:19,706
while the evils
are tolerable."

2294
01:51:19,707 --> 01:51:22,376
The enemy now
It was George III himself,

2295
01:51:22,777 --> 01:51:24,378
not Parliament.

2296
01:51:24,779 --> 01:51:26,914
In the Declaration he was denounced
as not "worthy"

2297
01:51:27,114 --> 01:51:29,949
to be the ruler
of a free people",

2298
01:51:29,950 --> 01:51:33,287
guilty of 18
"grievances and usurpations",

2299
01:51:33,687 --> 01:51:36,322
all with the objective
to establish,

2300
01:51:36,323 --> 01:51:39,325
"an absolute despotism."

2301
01:51:39,326 --> 01:51:43,229
He reported that he had invaded
"the rights of the people",

2302
01:51:43,230 --> 01:51:46,933
to send "herds of officers
to harass them",

2303
01:51:46,934 --> 01:51:49,470
to impose an army on them
permanent in times of peace,

2304
01:51:49,870 --> 01:51:51,272
to impose taxes

2305
01:51:51,472 --> 01:51:54,041
without consent
of the settlers

2306
01:51:54,241 --> 01:51:56,710
and now it was
at war with them.

2307
01:51:59,280 --> 01:52:02,116
Dunmore's Proclamation
had exacerbated the fears

2308
01:52:02,316 --> 01:52:05,018
of uprisings
of enslaved people,

2309
01:52:05,019 --> 01:52:07,088
and reports on
that the governor of Canada

2310
01:52:07,288 --> 01:52:09,023
had listed
indigenous americans

2311
01:52:09,223 --> 01:52:10,857
to face the invasion there

2312
01:52:10,858 --> 01:52:13,460
It further inflamed Congress.

2313
01:52:13,461 --> 01:52:17,030
In the eighteenth
and last charge against the king,

2314
01:52:17,031 --> 01:52:22,268
Jefferson did everything he could
for taking advantage of his anger.

2315
01:52:22,269 --> 01:52:25,238
"It has encouraged
domestic insurrections

2316
01:52:25,239 --> 01:52:27,073
"between us

2317
01:52:27,074 --> 01:52:28,842
"and has tried to induce

2318
01:52:28,843 --> 01:52:31,878
"to the inhabitants
of our borders,

2319
01:52:31,879 --> 01:52:34,482
"the ruthless
wild indians,

2320
01:52:34,882 --> 01:52:37,885
"whose standard of fighting
is the indiscriminate destruction

2321
01:52:38,085 --> 01:52:42,156
of all ages,
sexes and conditions".

2322
01:52:42,356 --> 01:52:44,491
Thomas Jefferson.

2323
01:52:44,492 --> 01:52:47,361
Proclaim equality
of "all men"

2324
01:52:47,761 --> 01:52:50,231
it was really an idea
revolutionary,

2325
01:52:50,431 --> 01:52:52,433
but that equality
it had not yet spread

2326
01:52:52,833 --> 01:52:54,868
to indigenous Americans,

2327
01:52:54,869 --> 01:53:00,240
enslaved or free blacks,
the poor or women.

2328
01:53:00,241 --> 01:53:03,209
The original listing
of Jefferson's "grievances"

2329
01:53:03,210 --> 01:53:05,945
also included the accusation
that George III

2330
01:53:05,946 --> 01:53:08,249
was somehow responsible
for the slave trade

2331
01:53:08,449 --> 01:53:10,351
in the Atlantic.

2332
01:53:10,551 --> 01:53:12,986
He called it "a cruel war

2333
01:53:12,987 --> 01:53:15,523
against
of human nature."

2334
01:53:15,923 --> 01:53:20,127
The other delegates refused
to include that complaint.

2335
01:53:24,165 --> 01:53:26,467
The Declaration of Independence
was formally ratified

2336
01:53:26,867 --> 01:53:29,837
on July 4, 1776.

2337
01:53:30,037 --> 01:53:34,574
Only 1,337 words
which closed with the prayer:

2338
01:53:34,575 --> 01:53:36,276
"And in support of this Declaration,

2339
01:53:36,277 --> 01:53:37,977
with absolute confidence

2340
01:53:37,978 --> 01:53:40,347
in the protection
of Divine Providence,

2341
01:53:40,548 --> 01:53:42,382
we pledge our lives,

2342
01:53:42,383 --> 01:53:46,887
our farm
and our sacred honor."

2343
01:53:47,087 --> 01:53:48,521
When the delegate
from Rhode Island

2344
01:53:48,522 --> 01:53:50,523
Stephen Hopkins,
who had paralysis,

2345
01:53:50,524 --> 01:53:53,193
signed the document,

2346
01:53:53,194 --> 01:53:58,999
He is said to have declared: "My hand
trembles, but my heart does not."

2347
01:54:02,002 --> 01:54:04,004
It was read for the first time
out loud

2348
01:54:04,205 --> 01:54:06,139
before an enthusiastic crowd

2349
01:54:06,140 --> 01:54:09,976
in the courtyard of the State House
from Philadelphia on July 8.

2350
01:54:09,977 --> 01:54:13,314
It was soon published
in 29 newspapers

2351
01:54:13,514 --> 01:54:18,051
and was received with parades
and celebratory salutes

2352
01:54:18,052 --> 01:54:22,589
throughout the newly created
United States.

2353
01:54:22,590 --> 01:54:25,525
"Boston, Massachusetts.

2354
01:54:25,526 --> 01:54:28,329
"When Colonel Crafts
read the proclamation,

2355
01:54:28,529 --> 01:54:31,065
"a lot of attention was paid
to every word

2356
01:54:31,265 --> 01:54:34,134
"and in all the faces
there was happiness.

2357
01:54:34,335 --> 01:54:37,337
"The king's coat of arms
retired from the State House,

2358
01:54:37,338 --> 01:54:39,272
"as well as any
vestige of him

2359
01:54:39,273 --> 01:54:41,474
"of all places
where they were,

2360
01:54:41,475 --> 01:54:43,176
"and they were incinerated
on King Street,

2361
01:54:43,177 --> 01:54:44,644
"or king's street.

2362
01:54:44,645 --> 01:54:47,014
"This is how it ends
all royal authority

2363
01:54:47,214 --> 01:54:50,484
in this state, and all
People say 'Amen.'"

2364
01:54:50,884 --> 01:54:53,220
Abigail Adams.

2365
01:54:55,256 --> 01:54:57,390
On July 9,
in New York,

2366
01:54:57,391 --> 01:54:59,659
General Washington
ordered it to be read

2367
01:54:59,660 --> 01:55:02,429
the Declaration to his troops.

2368
01:55:02,630 --> 01:55:05,632
Hearing the list of alleged
crimes of king george

2369
01:55:05,633 --> 01:55:08,468
it enraged the men so much,

2370
01:55:08,469 --> 01:55:10,137
that some ran
towards Broadway

2371
01:55:10,337 --> 01:55:12,071
to Bowling Green,

2372
01:55:12,072 --> 01:55:14,441
They tied up the statue of the king
with ropes

2373
01:55:14,642 --> 01:55:16,944
and they knocked her to the ground.

2374
01:55:18,912 --> 01:55:21,281
Pieces of the statue
They were sent by train

2375
01:55:21,282 --> 01:55:23,950
to Litchfield, Connecticut,

2376
01:55:23,951 --> 01:55:27,054
where the patriots
they melted the golden lead

2377
01:55:27,254 --> 01:55:29,656
to make bullets,

2378
01:55:29,657 --> 01:55:32,559
42,088 in total.

2379
01:55:34,962 --> 01:55:38,631
Much further north,
at Fort Ticonderoga,

2380
01:55:38,632 --> 01:55:42,001
the battered survivors
of the failed invasion of Canada

2381
01:55:42,002 --> 01:55:45,205
they gathered together so that
The Declaration was read to them.

2382
01:55:45,406 --> 01:55:48,542
In the end, one witness said,

2383
01:55:48,942 --> 01:55:51,144
"the countenance
of all men was,

2384
01:55:51,145 --> 01:55:52,613
'Now we are a people,

2385
01:55:52,980 --> 01:55:57,584
we have a name
between the States of the world'".

2386
01:56:00,387 --> 01:56:04,224
Among those who heard
reading the Declaration

2387
01:56:04,425 --> 01:56:06,493
there was soldier Lemuel Haynes,

2388
01:56:06,694 --> 01:56:11,065
a free african american
of Granville, Massachusetts.

2389
01:56:11,265 --> 01:56:13,133
He understood immediately
what it could mean

2390
01:56:13,334 --> 01:56:15,735
For people like him,

2391
01:56:15,736 --> 01:56:23,176
and wrote an essay titled
"Expand freedom even further."

2392
01:56:23,177 --> 01:56:26,446
"Freedom is a jewel
that was given to the man

2393
01:56:26,447 --> 01:56:29,316
"from the cabinet of heaven.

2394
01:56:29,516 --> 01:56:32,485
"It has pleased God
make 'of one blood

2395
01:56:32,486 --> 01:56:34,321
"to all nations
of men

2396
01:56:34,521 --> 01:56:37,423
"so that they may dwell
on the face of the Earth'.

2397
01:56:37,424 --> 01:56:40,593
"Since everyone belongs
to the same species,

2398
01:56:40,594 --> 01:56:43,464
"it is reasonable to conclude
that freedom is so valuable

2399
01:56:43,664 --> 01:56:47,400
"for a black man like that
for a white man,

2400
01:56:47,401 --> 01:56:51,471
"and that slavery is the same
intolerable

2401
01:56:51,472 --> 01:56:55,408
for one as for the other."

2402
01:56:55,409 --> 01:56:57,344
Lemuel Haynes.

2403
01:56:57,544 --> 01:56:59,345
Maggie Blackhawk: The Declaration
of Independence

2404
01:56:59,346 --> 01:57:03,015
It was extremely important
for marginalized people.

2405
01:57:03,016 --> 01:57:06,220
{\an8}He gave them space
of moral argument,

2406
01:57:06,420 --> 01:57:08,588
{\an8}gave them space
of legal argument

2407
01:57:08,589 --> 01:57:11,290
that could be used
to reform democracy

2408
01:57:11,291 --> 01:57:14,261
in the United States
and become part of it.

2409
01:57:14,461 --> 01:57:17,163
They were going to use
every available resource

2410
01:57:17,164 --> 01:57:20,134
so that that democracy
came true

2411
01:57:20,334 --> 01:57:22,369
and to make it come true
those visions,

2412
01:57:22,569 --> 01:57:26,507
those values,
instead of hypocrisy.

2413
01:57:28,475 --> 01:57:33,112
"London,
The Gentleman's magazine.

2414
01:57:33,113 --> 01:57:37,184
"The American Declaration
does not honor in any way

2415
01:57:37,384 --> 01:57:41,321
"erudition nor honesty
of its authors.

2416
01:57:41,522 --> 01:57:46,359
"'We hold,' they say,
'as evident these truths'.

2417
01:57:46,360 --> 01:57:49,362
"May all men
Are they created equal?

2418
01:57:49,363 --> 01:57:52,433
"Any peasant knows
that was not created equal.

2419
01:57:52,633 --> 01:57:56,203
"It is certainly not a reason
so that the Americans

2420
01:57:56,403 --> 01:57:58,604
rebel."

2421
01:57:58,605 --> 01:58:01,774
Rick Atkinson: King George
I was determined

2422
01:58:01,775 --> 01:58:03,444
not to allow
that the Americans

2423
01:58:03,644 --> 01:58:05,478
they would become independent.

2424
01:58:05,479 --> 01:58:08,382
Like his ministers
main,

2425
01:58:08,582 --> 01:58:12,819
he believed that the domino effect
of the American uprising

2426
01:58:12,820 --> 01:58:17,858
would end with the dissolution
of the British Empire.

2427
01:58:18,258 --> 01:58:21,828
The sun never sets
in the British Empire.

2428
01:58:21,829 --> 01:58:24,698
That prayer was coined in 1773,

2429
01:58:25,098 --> 01:58:27,300
and Jorge was determined
to never wear

2430
01:58:27,301 --> 01:58:30,136
as long as he was the monarch.

2431
01:58:30,137 --> 01:58:34,574
and the king sent
a large fleet to New York,

2432
01:58:34,575 --> 01:58:39,179
with thousands of troops,
to prevent that from happening.